SQL總結(jié)
基礎(chǔ)增刪查改
INSERTINTOtablename(c1,c2,c3…)VALUES(v1,v2,v3…);DELETEFROMtablenameWHEREc1=xxx;SELECTTOP10(PERTENT)*FROMtablenameWHEREc1=xxxGROUPBYc2ORDERBYc3;(選出前10條或者前10%數(shù)據(jù),WGO原則)UPDATEtablenameSETc1=v1,c2=v2,c3=v3…;高級(jí)查詢
(1)查詢中含有計(jì)算列
SELECTc1,c2,c1*c2ASc3FROMtablename;(2)選出并列數(shù)據(jù)(不僅選出前10條,并列的c1數(shù)據(jù)也會(huì)顯示)SELECTTOP10WITHTIES*FROMtablenameORDERBYc1;(3)選出不重復(fù)的數(shù)據(jù)
SELECTDISTINCTc1FROMtablename;(4)內(nèi)聯(lián)查詢(將多個(gè)表聯(lián)合查詢的方式,顯示符合條件的所有數(shù)據(jù),左右疊加)SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablename1INNERJOIN
tablename2ONtablename1.c4=tablename2.c5INNERJOIN
tablename3ONtablename1.c6=tablename3.c7;(5)左外聯(lián)(顯示左邊表中所有記錄)
SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablename1LEFTOUTERJOINtablename2ONtablename1.c4=tablename2.c5;(6)右外聯(lián)(顯示右邊表中所有記錄)
SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablename1RIGHTOUTERJOINtablename2ONtablename1.c4=tablename2.c5;(7)全聯(lián)查(顯示所有數(shù)據(jù))
SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablename1FULLOUTERJOINtablename2ONtablename1.c4=tablename2.c5;(8)穿插聯(lián)接(一表中的記錄依次與二表中記錄配對(duì)顯示)SELECT*FROMtablename1CROSSJOINtablename2;(9)判斷空值
SELECT*FROMtablenameWHEREc1ISNULL;(10)IN關(guān)鍵字(選出符合c1等于v1,v2,v3…的所有數(shù)據(jù))SELECT*FROMtablenameWHEREc1IN(v1,v2,v3….);(11)模糊查詢
SELECT*FROMtablenameWHEREc1like‘%v1%’;(%表示N個(gè)字符,_表示1個(gè)字符)
(12)EXISTS關(guān)鍵字
SELECT*FROMtablename1WHEREEXISTS(
SELECT*FROMtablename2WHEREc1=v1ANDtablename1.c2=tablename2.c3;);
(13)ALL,ANY和SOME關(guān)鍵字(與子查詢連用,ANY和SOME相同都是指在進(jìn)行比較運(yùn)算符時(shí)只要子查詢有一行能使結(jié)果為真則結(jié)果為真;而ALL表示子查詢結(jié)果必須都為真,結(jié)果才為真)
SELECT*FROMtablename1WHEREtablename1.c1=ANY(
SELECTc1FROMtablename2WHEREc2=v2ORc3=v3;);
(14)WITHCUBE關(guān)鍵字(對(duì)GROUPBY的分組對(duì)象進(jìn)行數(shù)量匯總統(tǒng)計(jì))WITHROLLUP關(guān)鍵字(對(duì)查詢結(jié)果中第一項(xiàng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)行數(shù)量匯總統(tǒng)計(jì))SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablenameWHEREc4>v1GROUPBYc1,c2WITHCUBE(WITHROLLUP);
(15)HAVING關(guān)鍵字(與GROUPBY連用(不連用的話同WHERE,與WHERE的唯一區(qū)別是HAVING后可以使用匯總函數(shù)).HAVING后寫(xiě)匯總函數(shù))SELECTc1,count(c2)FROMtablenameGROUPBYc1HAVINGcount(c2)>v1;(16)COMPUTE關(guān)鍵字(對(duì)匯總函數(shù)進(jìn)行歸類,沒(méi)有by的話進(jìn)行整體匯總,有by的話進(jìn)行分類匯總)
SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablenameWHEREc1=v1COMPUTESUM(c2)byc3(17)UNION關(guān)鍵字(合并多個(gè)查詢結(jié)果,上下疊加)SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablename1UOION
SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablename2;UOION
SELECTc1,c2,c3FROMtablename3;ORDERBYc1數(shù)據(jù)表操作創(chuàng)建表:
CREATETABLEtablename(
c1namec1typeIDENTITY(1,1)PRIMARYKEY,(自增主鍵)c2namec2typeNOTNULL,(非空)
c3namec3typeDEFAULTvalue,(默認(rèn)值為value)c4namec4typeUNIQUE,(唯一));
修改表:
ALTERTABLEtablename;ALTER(ADD、DROP)COLUMNc1namec1type;(一可修改表名,二可修改、添加或刪除字段)刪除表
DROPTABLEtablename;刪除表中所有記錄
TRUNCATETABLEtablename;T-SQL常用
(1)CASEWHEN關(guān)鍵字
SELECTc1,CASE
WHENc2=60ANDc2
AS執(zhí)行T-SQL語(yǔ)句
DLL觸發(fā)器(修改表時(shí)使用,如Create,Alter或Drop)createTriggertrigger1onALLSERVER(DATABASE)FOR數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)表名AS
T-SQL語(yǔ)句
索引
游標(biāo)
事務(wù)和鎖
擴(kuò)展閱讀:SQL總結(jié)
3.6SQLAlias(別名)3.7SQLJOIN
用于根據(jù)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)表中的列之間的關(guān)系,從這些表中查詢數(shù)據(jù)。
語(yǔ)法
INNERJOIN:如果表中有至少一個(gè)匹配,則返回行
JOIN:如果表中有至少一個(gè)匹配,則返回行(與INNERJOIN相同)LEFTJOIN:即使右表中沒(méi)有匹配,也從左表返回所有的行RIGHTJOIN:即使左表中沒(méi)有匹配,也從右表返回所有的行FULLJOIN:只要其中一個(gè)表中存在匹配,就返回行
實(shí)例
"Persons"表:Id_P123"Orders"表:Id_O12345OrderNo7789544678224562456234764Id_P331165LastNameAdamsBushCarterFirstNameJohnGeorgeThomasAddressOxfordStreetFifthAvenueChanganStreetCityLondonNewYorkBeijing
(JOIN)實(shí)例
SELECTPersons.LastName,Persons.FirstName,Orders.OrderNo3.15SQLFOREIGNKEY約束
一個(gè)表中的FOREIGNKEY指向另一個(gè)表中的PRIMARYKEY。FOREIGNKEY約束用于預(yù)防破壞表之間連接的動(dòng)作。
FOREIGNKEY約束也能防止非法數(shù)據(jù)插入外鍵列,因?yàn)樗仨毷撬赶虻哪莻(gè)表中的值之一。
語(yǔ)法
在"Orders"表創(chuàng)建時(shí)為"Id_P"列創(chuàng)建FOREIGNKEY:
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在MySQL中,有三種主要的類型:文本、數(shù)字和日期/時(shí)間類型。Text類型:數(shù)據(jù)類型CHAR(size)描述保存固定長(zhǎng)度的字符串(可包含字母、數(shù)字以及特殊字符)。在括號(hào)中指定字符串的長(zhǎng)度。最多255個(gè)字符。VARCHAR(size)保存可變長(zhǎng)度的字符串(可包含字母、數(shù)字以及特殊字符)。在括號(hào)中指定字符串的最大長(zhǎng)度。最多255個(gè)字符。注釋:如果值的長(zhǎng)度大于255,則被轉(zhuǎn)換為T(mén)EXT類型。TINYTEXTTEXTBLOBMEDIUMTEXTMEDIUMBLOBLONGTEXTLONGBLOBENUM(x,y,z,etc.)存放最大長(zhǎng)度為255個(gè)字符的字符串。存放最大長(zhǎng)度為65,535個(gè)字符的字符串。用于BLOBs(BinaryLargeOBjects)。存放最多65,535字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)。存放最大長(zhǎng)度為16,777,215個(gè)字符的字符串。用于BLOBs(BinaryLargeOBjects)。存放最多16,777,215字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)。存放最大長(zhǎng)度為4,294,967,295個(gè)字符的字符串。用于BLOBs(BinaryLargeOBjects)。存放最多4,294,967,295字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)。允許你輸入可能值的列表?梢栽贓NUM列表中列出最大65535個(gè)值。如果列表中不存在插入的值,則插入空值。注釋:這些值是按照你輸入的順序存儲(chǔ)的?梢园凑沾烁袷捷斎肟赡艿闹担篍NUM("X","Y","Z")SET與ENUM類似,SET最多只能包含64個(gè)列表項(xiàng),不過(guò)SET可存儲(chǔ)一個(gè)以上的值。Number類型:數(shù)據(jù)類型TINYINT(size)SMALLINT(size)MEDIUMINT(size)INT(size)描述-128到127常規(guī)。0到255無(wú)符號(hào)*。在括號(hào)中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。-32768到32767常規(guī)。0到65535無(wú)符號(hào)*。在括號(hào)中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。-8388608到8388607普通。0to16777215無(wú)符號(hào)*。在括號(hào)中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。-2147483648到2147483647常規(guī)。0到4294967295無(wú)符號(hào)*。在括號(hào)中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。BIGINT(size)-9223372036854775808到9223372036854775807常規(guī)。0到18446744073709551615無(wú)符號(hào)*。在括號(hào)中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。FLOAT(size,d)帶有浮動(dòng)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的小數(shù)字。在括號(hào)中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。在d參數(shù)中規(guī)定小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)的最大位數(shù)。DOUBLE(size,d)帶有浮動(dòng)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的大數(shù)字。在括號(hào)中規(guī)定最大位數(shù)。在d參數(shù)中規(guī)定小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)的最大位數(shù)。DECIMAL(size,d)作為字符串存儲(chǔ)的DOUBLE類型,允許固定的小數(shù)點(diǎn)。*這些整數(shù)類型擁有額外的選項(xiàng)UNSIGNED。通常,整數(shù)可以是負(fù)數(shù)或正數(shù)。如果添加UNSIGNED屬性,那么范圍將從0開(kāi)始,而不是某個(gè)負(fù)數(shù)。Date類型:數(shù)據(jù)類型DATE()描述日期。格式:YYYY-MM-DD注釋:支持的范圍是從"1000-01-01"到","p":{"h":13.5,"w":13.5,"x":575.61,"y":936.793,"注釋:支持的范圍是從"1970-01-0100:00:01"UTC到"2038-01-0903:14:07"UTCTIME()YEAR()時(shí)間。格式:HH:MM:SS注釋:支持的范圍是從"-838:59:59"到"838:59:59"2位或4位格式的年。注釋:4位格式所允許的值:1901到2155。2位格式所允許的值:70到69,表示從1970到2069。*即便DATETIME和TIMESTAMP返回相同的格式,它們的工作方式很不同。在INSERT或UPDATE查詢中,TIMESTAMP自動(dòng)把自身設(shè)置為當(dāng)前的日期和時(shí)間。TIMESTAMP也接受不同的格式,比如YYYYMMDDHHMMSS、YYMMDDHHMMSS、YYYYMMDD或YYMMDD。
SQLServer數(shù)據(jù)類型
Character字符串:數(shù)據(jù)類型char(n)varchar(n)varchar(max)textUnicode字符串:數(shù)據(jù)類型nchar(n)nvarchar(n)nvarchar(max)ntextBinary類型:數(shù)據(jù)類型bit描述允許0、1或NULL存儲(chǔ)描述固定長(zhǎng)度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多4,000個(gè)字符。可變長(zhǎng)度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多4,000個(gè)字符?勺冮L(zhǎng)度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多536,870,912個(gè)字符。可變長(zhǎng)度的Unicode數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB字符數(shù)據(jù)。存儲(chǔ)描述固定長(zhǎng)度的字符串。最多8,000個(gè)字符?勺冮L(zhǎng)度的字符串。最多8,000個(gè)字符。可變長(zhǎng)度的字符串。最多1,073,741,824個(gè)字符。可變長(zhǎng)度的字符串。最多2GB字符數(shù)據(jù)。存儲(chǔ)nbinary(n)varbinary(n)varbinary(max)imageNumber類型:數(shù)據(jù)類型
tinyintsmallintintbigint
描述
固定長(zhǎng)度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多8,000字節(jié)?勺冮L(zhǎng)度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多8,000字節(jié)。可變長(zhǎng)度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB字節(jié)?勺冮L(zhǎng)度的二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB。存儲(chǔ)
允許從0到255的所有數(shù)字。允許從-32,768到32,767的所有數(shù)字。
1字節(jié)2字節(jié)4字節(jié)8字節(jié)
允許從-2,147,483,648到2,147,483,647的所有數(shù)字。
允許介于-9,223,372,036,854,775,808和9,223,372,036,854,775,807之間的所有數(shù)字。
decimal(p,s)
固定精度和比例的數(shù)字。允許從-10^38+1到10^38-1之間的數(shù)
字。
p參數(shù)指示可以存儲(chǔ)的最大位數(shù)(小數(shù)點(diǎn)左側(cè)和右側(cè))。p必須是1
到38之間的值。默認(rèn)是18。
s參數(shù)指示小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)存儲(chǔ)的最大位數(shù)。s必須是0到p之間的
值。默認(rèn)是0。
5-17字節(jié)
numeric(p,s)
固定精度和比例的數(shù)字。允許從-10^38+1到10^38-1之間的數(shù)
字。
p參數(shù)指示可以存儲(chǔ)的最大位數(shù)(小數(shù)點(diǎn)左側(cè)和右側(cè))。p必須是1
到38之間的值。默認(rèn)是18。
s參數(shù)指示小數(shù)點(diǎn)右側(cè)存儲(chǔ)的最大位數(shù)。s必須是0到p之間的
值。默認(rèn)是0。
5-17字節(jié)
smallmoneymoney
介于-214,748.3648和214,748.3647之間的貨幣數(shù)據(jù)。介于-922,337,203,685,477.5808和922,337,203,685,477.5807
之間的貨幣數(shù)據(jù)。
4字節(jié)8字節(jié)float(n)從-1.79E+308到1.79E+308的浮動(dòng)精度數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)。參數(shù)n指示該字段保存4字節(jié)還是8字節(jié)。float(24)保存4字節(jié),而float(53)保存8字節(jié)。n的默認(rèn)值是53。4或8字節(jié)realDate類型:數(shù)據(jù)類型
datetime
描述
從-3.40E+38到3.40E+38的浮動(dòng)精度數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)。4字節(jié)存儲(chǔ)8bytes
從1753年1月1日到9999年12月31日,精度為3.33毫
秒。
datetime2從1753年1月1日到9999年12月31日,精度為100納
秒。
6-8bytes
smalldatetime
datetimedatetimeoffsettimestamp
從1900年1月1日到2079年6月6日,精度為1分鐘。僅存儲(chǔ)日期。從0001年1月1日到9999年12月31日。
僅存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間。精度為100納秒。與datetime2相同,外加時(shí)區(qū)偏移。
存儲(chǔ)唯一的數(shù)字,每當(dāng)創(chuàng)建或修改某行時(shí),該數(shù)字會(huì)更新。timestamp基于內(nèi)部時(shí)鐘,不對(duì)應(yīng)真實(shí)時(shí)間。每個(gè)表只能有一個(gè)timestamp變
量。
4bytes3bytes3-5bytes8-10bytes
其他數(shù)據(jù)類型:數(shù)據(jù)類型sql_variantuniqueidentifierxmlcursortable描述存儲(chǔ)最多8,000字節(jié)不同數(shù)據(jù)類型的數(shù)據(jù),除了text、ntext以及timestamp。存儲(chǔ)全局標(biāo)識(shí)符(GUID)。存儲(chǔ)XML格式化數(shù)據(jù)。最多2GB。存儲(chǔ)對(duì)用于數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作的指針的引用。存儲(chǔ)結(jié)果集,供稍后處理。
FIRST(column)LAST(column)MAX(column)MIN(column)返回在指定的域中第一個(gè)記錄的值返回在指定的域中最后一個(gè)記錄的值返回某列的最高值返回某列的最低值返回某列的總和STDEV(column)STDEVP(column)SUM(column)VAR(column)VARP(column)在SQLServer中的合計(jì)函數(shù)函數(shù)AVG(column)描述返回某列的行數(shù)返回某列的行數(shù)(不包括NULL值)返回被選行數(shù)返回相異結(jié)果的數(shù)目返回在指定的域中第一個(gè)記錄的值(SQLServer201*不支持)返回在指定的域中最后一個(gè)記錄的值(SQLServer201*不支持)返回某列的最高值返回某列的最低值BINARY_CHECKSUMCHECKSUMCHECKSUM_AGGCOUNT(column)COUNT(*)COUNT(DISTINCTcolumn)FIRST(column)LAST(column)MAX(column)MIN(column)STDEV(column)STDEVP(column)SUM(column)返回某列的總和VAR(column)VARP(column)Scalar函數(shù)
Scalar函數(shù)的操作面向某個(gè)單一的值,并返回基于輸入值的一個(gè)單一的值。MSAccess中的Scalar函數(shù)函數(shù)UCASE(c)LCASE(c)MID(c,start[,end])LEN(c)INSTR(c,char)LEFT(c,number_of_char)RIGHT(c,number_of_char)ROUND(c,decimals)MOD(x,y)NOW()FORMAT(c,format)DATEDIFF(d,date1,date2)描述將某個(gè)域轉(zhuǎn)換為大寫(xiě)將某個(gè)域轉(zhuǎn)換為小寫(xiě)從某個(gè)文本域提取字符返回某個(gè)文本域的長(zhǎng)度返回在某個(gè)文本域中指定字符的數(shù)值位置返回某個(gè)被請(qǐng)求的文本域的左側(cè)部分返回某個(gè)被請(qǐng)求的文本域的右側(cè)部分對(duì)某個(gè)數(shù)值域進(jìn)行指定小數(shù)位數(shù)的四舍五入返回除法操作的余數(shù)返回當(dāng)前的系統(tǒng)日期改變某個(gè)域的顯示方式用于執(zhí)行日期計(jì)算CURDATE()CURTIME()DATE()返回當(dāng)前的日期返回當(dāng)前的時(shí)間提取日期或日期/時(shí)間表達(dá)式的日期部分返回日期/時(shí)間按的單獨(dú)部分給日期添加指定的時(shí)間間隔從日期減去指定的時(shí)間間隔返回兩個(gè)日期之間的天數(shù)用不同的格式顯示日期/時(shí)間EXTRACT()DATE_ADD()DATE_SUB()DATEDIFF()DATE_FORMAT()SQLServerDate函數(shù)
下面的表格列出了SQLServer中最重要的內(nèi)建日期函數(shù):
函數(shù)GETDATE()描述返回當(dāng)前日期和時(shí)間返回日期/時(shí)間的單獨(dú)部分在日期中添加或減去指定的時(shí)間間隔返回兩個(gè)日期之間的時(shí)間用不同的格式顯示日期/時(shí)間DATEPART()DATEADD()DATEDIFF()CONVERT()SQLDate數(shù)據(jù)類型
MySQL使用下列數(shù)據(jù)類型在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中存儲(chǔ)日期或日期/時(shí)間值:
DATE-格式Y(jié)YYY-MM-DD
DATETIME-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSTIMESTAMP-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSYEAR-格式Y(jié)YYY或YY
SQLServer使用下列數(shù)據(jù)類型在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中存儲(chǔ)日期或日期/時(shí)間值:
DATE-格式Y(jié)YYY-MM-DDDATETIME-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSSMALLDATETIME-格式:YYYY-MM-DDHH:MM:SSTIMESTAMP-格式:唯一的數(shù)字
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