新GRE作文issue模板常用句型個(gè)人總結(jié)
ISSUE
段1.1)Iagreewiththespeaker"sbroadassertionthatmoneyspentonresearchisgenerallymoneywellinvested.(Issue18)
2)Admittedly,themanyexperiencesthatareconvenientforourgrowth/benefitthedescendantsaretheresultof/usuallyresultfromtheextraordinary(非凡的)cumulative(漸增的)effortsofourengineers,entrepreneurs,andsociologists(scientists,politicians,historians,predecessors).(Issue12)3)And,suchadvantages/successes/conveniencesalwaysprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetoovercomeobstaclesinourdailylives.
4)However/Nevertheless,themanager"sargumentisindefensibleinseveralcriticalrespectsbecauseheignoresthesignificancepresentedbyhistory.
段2.1)Lendingcredencetothestatementisthatfacultyandstudentsinrelatedhistorywouldbringdiverseculturalandeducationalperspectivestotheproblemstheyseektosolve.(Issue7)
2)Asamatteroffact,researchfromsomefamousfiguresalwayscarriessignificantinformationtothefuture,andit’scritical/essentialthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentstoaddresssociety’smoreimmediateproblems.
3)Consider,forinstance,JackWelch’sprogramwhenacompanyisrunninginalowefficiencyandfacingafinancialcrisis(politicalcrisisornaturaldisaster).
4)Thisambitiousprojectispossibleonlybecauseparticipatingnationsarepooling(集合資源)theireconomicresourcesaswellasscientifictalents.(Issue47)
5)Welch’sstrategywaslateradoptedbyotherentrepreneursandmoreover,manysimilarprojectscouldbeusedtosolveenduringcompanyfinancialproblems.
6)Thusausefulstrategy(insightordiscovery)cancomefromaresearcher(scientist/predecessor)fromanynation/realms.(Issue7)
段3.1)Addingfurthercredibilitytothestatementisthetendency(observation/phenomenon)thatlearningaboutthemistakesofpastsocietieshelpsusavoidrepeatingthem.
2)Afterall,humansseemnaturallydriven/tendtomakethingsbigger/easierandmorecomplex/simpler;thusrefraining/promotingfromdoingso,orreversing/enhancingthisnaturalprocess,takesconsiderable/greateffortandcourageofadifferentsort.(Issue12)
3)OneaptexampleofthispointinvolvesSanluGroup,afamousChinesedairyproductscompany,whichhasbeencommittedtoprovidingthemostpopularbrandsofinfantformulatoglobalconsumers.InSeptember201*,itwasinvolvedinanadulteratedmilkpowderscandal,affectingsome29400Chineseinfantsandkillingsix.Itreceivedabankruptcyorderandseveralofitstopmanagersweresentencedtolongprisonterms.
14)Apparently/Obviously,allnationsshouldlearnalessonfromSanlu’sscandalandtakeoutaninsurancepolicytopreventthosesimilarcases.
5)Asitturnsout,acertainself-restraintandcourage(experienceandlessonsfromthepast)arebothunavoidableandnecessarytoconfrontandovercomemoderninconvenience/lure(theseinternalfearsandself-doubts),tosimplify/optimize/benefitone"sdailyschedule/knowledge/development,andtoestablish/buildasimpleplan/strategyfortheuseofone"scapability.(Issue12)
段4.1)Exceptfromtheaforementionedsituations,theestablishment/effect/consequenceofsuchapointposescertainproblemsofitsown(political,environmental,healthandeconomicproblems/risks/challenges),
which
must
beaddressed/minimize
inorder
that
the
government/society/humanbeingscanachieveitsobjectives/prospectiveprosperity.(Issue7)2)Ontheonehand/First,itwrongly/illogicallypresumes/categorizesanylawaseitherjustorunjust(related/isolated),andthenitrecommendsanineffectiveandpotentiallyharmfulmeansoflegalreform/learning.(Issue11)
3)Indeed,observations-forexample,aboutwhetherresearchofatomicweaponswasoutofrules,oraboutwhethertheuseoftechnologicalcloningwasillegaldependingonnotonlyjustlawsbutalsoone"smoralprinciples.(Issue69)
4)Afterall,ourexperienceashumansinformsusthatpracticality/humanityamountstofarmorethan(遠(yuǎn)不止是)meetingeconomicneeds,butalsoourownsurvivalasaspecies.
5)Inthesecondplace/Secondly,comprehensivehistoricalbackgroundswouldhelpovercomecontroversial/amyriadofadministrative/environmental/politicalproblems/impediments.(Issue7)6)Acurrentexampleinvolvesthatthegovernmentshouldstrikeabalancebetweentheenvironmentalpollutionandthecompany’sinterests.
7)Sometheorists/governorsnowclaimthatthetoxiceffluentsfromfactorycannotbeemittedintoanearbyriver,whilecomplyingwiththeregulationmightbecostlyforthecompany.
8)(Tothecontrary/Infact)Surely,anumberofentrepreneursandengineerstodayaremustering/sacrificingthatcourage/interests,andaremakingtheefforttocreatefarsimpler,yetmoreelegant,technologiesandapplications,whichwilltrulymakeourlivessimpler/saferinsharpcontrast/comparedtowhatcomputertechnologyhasdeliveredtous.(Issue12)
9)Indisputably,solvingtheseproblemsrequiresanopenmindtohistorybothrelatedandunrelated.
段5.1)Insum,Iagreethattherelatedhistoryisvaluablebecauseitisaneffectivewaytoacquiremeaningfulknowledgeandtoavoidrepeatingmistakes.
2)Nevertheless/Accordingly,thespeakeroverlooksmanygreatindividuals/criticalproblems,particularlyinsomemoralissuesandinbeneficialfairs,whicharealwayssolvedbyexperienceunrelatedtoourdailylives.(Issue21)
23)Inthefinalanalysis,tosolvethoseproblemsmoreefficientlyandcomprehensivelyweareforcedtostrikeabalanceinhowtoallocateourenergybetweenthetworespects.
備用句式
1)observations,phenomenon現(xiàn)象/unjustifiable,insubstantial不合理的
2)Parentswhodoteontheironlychildwillbeanegativefactoroftheirchild’sprogress.Suchwellmeaningpeoplejustdon"tunderstand.
3)Kennedyaskedustothinkwhatyoucandoforyourcountryinsteadofwhatyourcountrycandoforyou.
4)Einstein,likehistory"sothermostinfluentialscientists,simplyrefusedtoacceptconventionalinterpretationsofwhatweallobserve.(Issue69)
5)There"snothingtobelaterprovedordisproved,affirmedordiscredited,orevenimproveduponorrefinedbyfurtherknowledgeornewertechnology.(Issue18)
6)However/Bycontrast,inthesciencesitisdifficulttoidentifygreatnesswithoutthebenefitofhistoricalperspective.(Issue21)
7)Intherealmofbusiness,insomecasesgreatachievementisrecognizableimmediately,whileinothercasesitisnot.ConsiderontheonehandHenryFord"s….(Issue21)
8)Returningtotheabortionexamplementionedabove,apersonstronglyopposedtothefreedom-of-choicepositionmightmaintainthattheillegalblockingofaccesstoanabortionclinicamountstojustifiabledisobedience.(Issue11)
9)Teachingpeoplehowtofishratherthanofferingthemabasketoffish.
10)Whilethisnotionmightappealtocertainexistentialistsandepistemologists,itrunsagainstthegrainofallscientificdiscoveryandknowledgegainedoverthelast500years.(Issue69)
11)Iamhard-pressedtothinkofonepersonwhohaseverexclaimedtomehowmucheffortandcourageithastakentocomplicatehisorherlifeintheserespects.(Issue12)
12)Onlytimewilltellwhetherstringtheoryindeedprovidestheunifyinglawsthatallmatterintheuniverseobeys.(Issue21)
13)Thepictureabovedoesrevealcertaindisturbingphenomenoninacontemporarysocietywiththematerialprosperity.Inthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving,sthwillenrichmyworkingexperienceandbroadenmymind,thuspavingawayformyprospectivecareer.(Issue18)
3擴(kuò)展閱讀:新GRE作文_issue模板
11G_Issue模板
Alexbob201*/11/10
一.指令分析
指令1:
Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththestatementandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderwaysinwhichthestatementmightormightnotholdtrueandexplainhowtheseconsiderationsshapeyourposition.
首先,這個(gè)introduction所對(duì)應(yīng)的issue題目一定是個(gè)陳述型的statement。做題者可以同意或反對(duì),或者參半。在論述過(guò)程中,一定要考慮到有什么方法,可以讓這個(gè)statement的對(duì)錯(cuò)性改變。
1.題目中的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)是否在特定的條件下成立?如果是,我如何認(rèn)可它們?2.其不成立的條件是什么?我如何抵御它們?3.正反兼顧的體現(xiàn)立場(chǎng)。
指令2:
Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththerecommendationandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,describespecificcircumstancesinwhichadoptingtherecommendationwouldorwouldnotbeadvantageousandexplainhowtheseexamplesshapeyourposition.
這個(gè)要求和第一種基本雷同,同一道題目,基本上,兩種introduction都可能出現(xiàn),主要區(qū)別在于,這個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是recommendation,也就是建議,一般來(lái)說(shuō),也是針對(duì)一種行為,或者措施的陳述事實(shí)的句子。而在論述當(dāng)中,一定要分析到circumstances,也就是大環(huán)境,對(duì)這個(gè)行為或者措施的效果的影響。例如,明確分析,在什么情況下,這樣的建議可能不能達(dá)到起預(yù)期的效果。1.題目中的政策或建議可行性如何?實(shí)施的好處何在?
2.如果實(shí)施題目中的建議,是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致同初始目的相矛盾或荒謬的結(jié)果?3.有無(wú)替代或折中的辦法?
指令3:
Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaim.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,besuretoaddressthemostcompellingreasonsorexamplesthatcouldbeusedtochallengeyourposition.
這個(gè)主要是對(duì)一個(gè)聲稱或者主張的討論,重點(diǎn)在于,在論述中,要涉及,與考生自己觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立的理由及例子的分析,也就是類似反正自己的觀點(diǎn)。1.題目中的主張基于什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?其合理性何在?2.與此主張形成挑戰(zhàn)或?qū)α⒌睦碛苫蚶C是什么?3.如何修正原題中不合理之處?
指令4:
Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhichviewmorecloselyalignswithyourownpositionandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldaddressbothoftheviewspresentedabove.
這中introduction比較特殊,所針對(duì)的題目本身,肯定存在兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。那么考生在論述時(shí),要指出哪個(gè)和自己的觀點(diǎn)比較接近,而且在論述過(guò)程中,必須對(duì)題中的兩種觀點(diǎn),都進(jìn)行分析。
1.題目中的政策或建議可行性如何?實(shí)施的好處何在?
2.如果實(shí)施題目中的建議,是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致同初始目的相矛盾或荒謬的結(jié)果?3.有無(wú)替代或折中的辦法?
指令5:
WritearesponseinwhichyoudiscusstheextenttowhichyouagreeordisagreewiththeclaimANDthereasononwhichthatclaimisbased.
這個(gè)是最普通的,基本上和老GRE沒(méi)有區(qū)別,可以隨意發(fā)揮。1.這個(gè)題目中的原因是否成立?
2.假設(shè)這個(gè)原因成立,從它是否能推出原題中的結(jié)果或主張?
指令6:
Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscussyourviewsonthepolicyaboveandexplainyourreasoningforthepositionyoutake.Indevelopingandsupportingyourposition,youshouldconsiderthepossibleconsequencesofimplementingthepolicyandexplainhowtheseconsequencesshapeyourposition.
這個(gè)特指,針對(duì)某個(gè)政策。而且考生在論述過(guò)程中,必須涉及如果實(shí)施這個(gè)政策后,可能帶來(lái)的諸多效果,對(duì)效果進(jìn)行分析,從而推出政策本身的好壞。1.題目中的政策或建議可行性如何?實(shí)施的好處何在?
2.如果實(shí)施題目中的建議,是否會(huì)導(dǎo)致同初始目的相矛盾或荒謬的結(jié)果?3.有無(wú)替代或折中的辦法?
二.文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)
大負(fù)小正:誠(chéng)然A,但是B,而且C。
大正小負(fù):誠(chéng)然A,有時(shí)甚至B,但是C。
承認(rèn)+遞進(jìn)+轉(zhuǎn)折承認(rèn)+轉(zhuǎn)折+遞進(jìn)三.常用句式
開(kāi)頭:
a)Inthisstatement,thespeakerassertsthat…(作者的結(jié)論是什么)b)Iagreewiththespeakerinsofaras...(某種程度上同意作者的觀點(diǎn))
c)Whereas,inmyperspective,…isunilateral(作者的觀點(diǎn)片面在什么地方)
第二段:
a)Admittedly,第三段:
a)However,第四段:
a)Furthermore,結(jié)尾:
a)Insummary,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,itisnotdifficulttodrawthe
conclusionthat…(重述觀點(diǎn))
四.常用詞匯
1.保證:assurance/guarantee
五.作文重點(diǎn)題目
社會(huì)與自然:
Societyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlyifthepotentialextinctionofthosespeciesistheresultofhumanactivities.
社會(huì)應(yīng)該努力拯救瀕危物種,只要這些物種的滅絕是人類活動(dòng)的結(jié)果。Thespeakerclaimsthatsocietyshouldmakeeffortstosaveendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivities.Iagreewiththespeakerinsofarassavingendangeredspeciesistheresponsibilityofhumanbeings.Afterall,humanbeingsaretherulerofnature.But,inmyperspective,merelyfocusingonsavingthoseendangeredspeciesonlycausedbyhumanactivitiesisunilateral.
1.Thevarietyofplantandanimalisimportanttopracticalutilization.
1)Discoveringtheorderofevolution;
2)Valuablegenepoolandrawmaterialdrug:traditionalChinesemedicine.
3)Technologicalimitationfromthespecious:sonarasaresultofimitatingdolphin.2.Humanshoulddosoevenfromamoralposition.
1)Plantandanimalisthemostimportantcomponentsofnature.Whenall...dieout,theday
willcomesoon.
2)Humanbeingsastherulerofnatureshouldtaketheresponsibilitytohelpotherspecies.
Letalonethoseendangeredspeciesbecauseofhumanactivities.
3)Menhavetheresponsibilitytorescue:pollution,environmentsdestroy,catchingandkillingexcessivelycausingtheplantandanimaltodieoutmuchfaster.Forexample:tigerandwhale;
3.However,somekindsof
1)"Survivaloffittest":someanimalsdohavetheirlethalshortagesandwoulddeclineeven
withouthumans,savingthosespecieswhicharebiologicaleliminationisagainstthenatureandofnohelp.
2)Whenwesaveakindofanimal,wemaydoharmtoanotherkind.Thustheproperwayis
thathumanshouldtrytheirbesttokeepthebalanceofnatureasitisratherthanchangethenatureashumans"purpose.HumanandNatureshouldperformtheirownfunctionsrespectively.
3)Insteadofsaving,therestrictionsonhumanourselvesaremoreimportant:pollution,
environmentaldestroy,catchingandkillingexcessively.
4)Theextinctionofspeciesisthewarningofthedeteriorationoftheenvironmentwhich
wouldearlyorlatethreatenhumanbeings.
Conclusion:
Nomatterfromthepositionofpracticalutilizationormorality,humanbothshould...However,itshouldbenoticedthat...Therefore,weshouldfindouttherealreasonofdyingout.Furthermore,weshouldpaymorea...to
教育目的:
Educationalinstitutionsshouldactivelyencouragetheirstudentstochoosefieldsofstudythatwillpreparethemforlucrativecareers.
教育機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該積極鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生選擇那些為將來(lái)高收入工作鋪路的研究領(lǐng)域。Thearguerassertsthatmostpeoplechooseacareernotonthebasisofhisorhernaturaltalentsorinterestinaparticularkindofworkbutonlyonpragmaticconsiderations.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethattherearequiteafewofpeoplechooseacareeronpragmaticconsiderationsinthispragmaticworld.However,therearestillsomanyindividualschooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsandinterest.Inaddition,naturaltalentsandinterestnotalwaysconflictwithpragmaticconsiderations.
1.Admittedly,manypeoplechooseacareeronthebasisofpragmaticconsiderationssuchasthe
needsoftheeconomy,therelativeeaseoffindingajob,andthesalarytheycanexpecttomake,whichisreasonableintoday’ssociety:1)Toearnaliving
2)Togetfortune,fame,andpromotion.
3)Tofurtherdeveloptheinterest:Onlywhenone’slivingisundersecuritycouldonehave
thefreedomtochoosewhathelikesorinterestin.
2.However,theauthorhasmadeanover-generalizationinregardstofactorsdeterminingcareer
seekingwhenheorsheclaimsthatpeoplechoosetheirjobsonlybasedonsuchpragmaticconcernsasexpectedsalaryratherthantheirtalentsorinterests.Ifthiswasgenerallytrue,whysomanypeopleworkintheunprofitableoccupations.Wecanseethattherearecertainlysomeoneisfreetochooseacareerbasedontheirnaturaltalentsorinterestregardlessofpragmaticconsiderations.
1)Manyscholarsarelivingapoorlife
2)Manyscientistsdedicatethemselvestotheimprovementforthebetterconditionsof
humanbeing,caringlittleaboutthefeedback3)Manyartists,suchasmusiciansandpainters.
3.Furthermore,thesetwoaspectsareactuallynotcontradictory:onemightbeabletochoosea
careerbasedonindividualinterestornaturaltalents,aswellasthedecentpay.
1)TakeNBAplayersasaninstance.Gettingpragmaticrewardssuchasmoney,isnotan
end,butratherameansofobtainingmentalcontentandofattainingimportantgoals.
Conclusion:Themostreasonablewayofdecisionmakingconcerningcareerseekingistobestfulfillone"spragmaticconcernswithoutviolatingone"svalue,talentandinterests.Ifwecannotfulfillboth,wemustchoosetheonewhichweconcernmuchmorethantheother.
教育方法:
Universitiesshouldrequireeverystudenttotakeavarietyofcoursesoutsidethestudent"sfieldofstudy.
大學(xué)應(yīng)該要求每個(gè)學(xué)生選修自己專業(yè)以外的各種學(xué)科。Universityisanimportantplaceinayouth"slife.Toasignificantextendthiskindofeducationstudentsreceiveinuniversitydetermineswhatkindofpersontheywillbe.Takingthecoursesoutsidethestudent’sfieldsofstudymayexpandhimawidespectrumofvision.ThereforeIfundamentallyagreewiththespeakerthatthereal“trulyeducated”shouldbebasedonthelearningawidescopeofknowledge.However,closescrutinyrevealsthatoverstateeithertheimportanceoftheprofessionalknowledgeortheinformationoutsidewillleadintojeopardizedsituation.
1.Inthefirstplace,requiringstudentstotakecoursesonlyintheirmajorfieldofstudycan
causesomeseriousproblems.Actually,noteverystudentknowswithcertaintywhichprofessionalfieldtheyaretrulyinterestedinandcandowellinatthebeginningoftheircollegelife.Ifuniversitiesallowedtheirstudentstochooserelatedcoursesfreely,itwouldbeagoodopportunityforthemtofindtheirinterests.Exploringsubjectsoutsidetheirownmajormayhelpstudentstofindnewacademicfieldsinwhichtheirrealinterestandpotentialslie.Fortunately,inrecentyears,manyuniversitieshavebeguntochangetheireducationpolicies,andsetupseriesofminorcoursesforstudentstostudy.Nowtherearemoreandmorestudentstakingminorcoursesinwhattheyaretrulyinterestedinandthisgivesthemanotheropportunitytodeveloptheirinterestswheretheycanmakefulluseoftheirsparetimetoexpandtheirknowledgeandenhancetheircapabilities.
2.Sincevariousdisciplinesarerelated,thestudyofcoursesoutsideastudent’sownfieldmay
benefitthestudyoftheirmajors.Asweknow,everysubjectdoesnotexistindependently.Theyrelatetoothersubjectstooneextendoranother.Forinstance,philosophyisthefoundationofallsubjects,whichprovidesafundamentalapproachtothinkingabouteveryproblem.Whateveryourmajoris,youcanbenefitfromlearningit.Mathisausefultoolforusinsolvingproblems.Ifyoumajoriseconomicsoraccounting,youwillfindthattheknowledgeofmathematicscanhelpyoualotinyourresearchoryourwork.Thereforewecanseethatstudentswithvariedknowledgewouldhaveagreatadvantageincompetingwiththosewhohaveonlylimitedscope.
3.Ifapersonwanttobeasuccessfulmaninthesociety,theknowledgejustfromhisorher
majorisnotsufficientatall.Heorsheshouldlearnlotsofthingsbecausethosethingsarereallyimportantfortheirfuturesuccess.
1)Science:logic,criticalthinking,commonsense2)Art:thecognitionofnatural
3)Philosophy:criticalthinkingandbetterunderstandingoftheworld4)Psychology:helptogrowmentallyhealthy
5)Sociology:theessenceofsocietyandhumanbeing.
4.Ofcourse,despitealloftheseadvantagesoflearningvariousdisciplines,themostimportant
disciplinesforastudentisstillthoselessonswhichisrelatedtohisorhermajor.Overemphasizingthevariousdisciplineswilladverselyinfluencethestudent"slearningofhisorhermajor.
Conclusion:Takeabalance.Auniversityshouldoffervariousdisciplinestostudentswhileensurethatthestudentscanlearntheirmajorwell.
教育政策:
Anationshouldrequireallofitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollege.
在進(jìn)行大學(xué)教育以前,國(guó)家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)一的國(guó)家課程。
1.Admittedly,fundamentalknowledge,socialskillsandmoraleducationshouldbeinstilledin
everyschoolbeforeuniversity.
1)Somecoursemustbelearnedbyallthestudents:mathematicsandnativelanguage2)Meanwhile,theearlysamenationalcurriculumspreventstudentsfromthelimitations,becausenoteveryplacehastheabilitytoprovideacomprehensiveandsystematiccurriculum.
3)Withouthavingcomprehensivestudy,thestudentmayjustchoosehisorhermainprofessionbasedonafewcourses,notevenincludingtheonewherehisorherrealinterestlies.
2.However,everyregionhasitsowntradition。
1)Thosedecisionmakersjustthinkaboutthegeneralsituation,withoutparticularity.
2)Somespecialcasesshouldbealsotakenintoconsiderationforthosewhohaveno
intentiontogotocollege.
3)Atpresent,nosocietycanguaranteeallstudentstheopportunitytogotocollege.Itis
quitenecessarytoprovidevarioustechnicalskillstostudentswhoarenotexpectingahighereducation.
4)Thedifferenceofenvironment:ruralareasandmetropolises.Thedifferenceoffacilities
amongdifferentschools.Thedifferenceamongstudents
3.Theoptimalapproach,inmyview,isabalancedonethatimposesabasiccurriculumyet
leavestherestuptoeachstateorcommunity.
1)Fromthestudent"sperspective:masterarequiredcourse;avoiddiversity.
2)Fromtheschool"sperspective:thefairnessofentranceexamination;providea
predictablefoundationuponwhichcollegeadministratorsandfacultycouldmoreeasilybuildcurricularandselectcoursematerialsforfreshmenthatareneitherbelownorabovetheirlevelofeducationalexperience.
3)Thinkingofthepossibledifferences:complement;minority;artstudents;keeplocal
culture;businesscoursessuitableforchildrenliveinmetropolitan,unsuitableforthoseliveinhinterland;courseonfarminglocalculture,language,tradition,artslearnliterature,worksrelatedwithlocallifeeasiertounderstand,topreservelocalcultureandlanguage.
國(guó)家政治:
Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisrepresentednotbytheachievementsofitsrulers,artists,orscientists,butbythegeneralwelfareofitspeople.
一個(gè)國(guó)家的偉大體現(xiàn)在國(guó)民的安樂(lè)上,而不是體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)治者、藝術(shù)家或科學(xué)家的成就上。
1.Itistruethatthegeneralwelfareofitsallpeopleisareliableindicatorofagreatnation.The
welfareofthepeople,includingthelivingcondition,socialsecuritysystemandcharityofdevelopedcountryisoftenfarbetterthanthoseofdevelopingcountries.
2.Ontheotherhand,however,theachievementsofitsrulers,artistsandscientistsareofequal
important,whichbytheirwaybringtheaimofwelfareofitspeopleintofruition.
1)Aswhatismentionedabove,whenwespeakof“promotingthegeneralwelfare”,we
refertothefollowingindex:publichealthandsafety,securityagainstinvasion,individuallibertyandfreedomaswellasahighstandardofliving,whileallofthesearebroughtaboutbyitsrulers,artistsandscientist.
2)Scientificandtechnologicalachievementsserveinthefirstplacetoenhanceanation’s
generalwelfare.(Advanceinmedicaltreatment,transportation,communication,etc.)3)Artisticachievementscouldnotbeneglected,though.Theyhelptomakeanationa
betterplacetoreside.(Provideinspiration,lifepeople’sspiritandbringaboutcreativityandimagination,allofwhichspurustomakemoreaccomplishments.)
4)Yettheachievementsofartistsandscientist,whileintegral,areinsufficient.Themilitary
anddiplomaticaccomplishmentofitsleaderscouldneitherbeignoredinthegeneralwelfareofanation.(TheWarofIndependence)
個(gè)人發(fā)展:
Claim:Wecanusuallylearnmuchmorefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfromthosewhoseviewscontradictourown.
Reason:Disagreementcancausestressandinhibitlearning.
結(jié)論:相比意見(jiàn)不同的人來(lái)說(shuō),通常,我們從意見(jiàn)相同的人那里學(xué)的更多。原因:意見(jiàn)不統(tǒng)一會(huì)導(dǎo)致壓力,阻礙學(xué)習(xí)。Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpede/hamperlearning.Otherwise,inmyviewwelearnfarmorefromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown.
1.Admittedly,discussingwiththosewhoseviewsweshareisefficientwithanaccordant
atmosphere.
1)Whenfacingaquestion,peopleareinclinedtotalkwiththosewhoareinaccordwith
theminsteadofwiththoseopposingthem.
2)Peoplefromdifferentregionsmayevencontradictoryonsomequestions,suchas
whethertoeatpork.Inthatcase,it"simpossibletocommunicatebetweenthetwosides.
2.However,itiscommonthatwelearnmorefromthoseholddifferentviewsagainstours.
1)Differenceinopinion,perhapsduetoconsiderationinotherdirection,mayremindus
whatwehaveneglected.
2)Thetwopartieswithdifferentknowledgeareabletocomplementeachother.
3.Besides,peopleholdingthesameviewsoftenhavethesamewayofthinking.It"shardto
progressforthemtodiscusstogether.
社會(huì)政治:
Claim:Inanyfieldbusiness,politics,education,governmentthoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.
Reason:Thesurestpathtosuccessforanyenterpriseisrevitalizationthroughnewleadership.結(jié)論:如商業(yè)、政治、教育、政府,在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位在任何領(lǐng)域中的掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位。
原因:對(duì)于任何機(jī)構(gòu),最可靠的成功途徑是通過(guò)新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層帶來(lái)革新最可靠的成功途徑是通過(guò)新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層帶來(lái)革新。Inthisstatement,theargueractuallyhasadualclaim.First,nomatterinwhichprofession,thoseinpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Second,revitalizationthroughnewleadershipisthesurestwaytosuccessforanyenterprise.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethatlimitingthetermofoffice/tenureisaneffectivewaytopreventcorruptionandthelackofinitiatives,however,Idisagreewithboththetwoclaims.
1.Tobeginwith,inmanyareas,especiallyinpoliticsandgovernment,itmightbebetterthat
thosewhoinpowerdon’tholdthesamepositionallthetimeandshouldstepdownregularly.1)Itisknownthatabsolutepowerwillleadtoabsolutecorruption.
2)Andleaderstendtoabusetheirpowerwhentheyhavenofearoflosingtheirpower.Inordertoavoidcorruption,autarchy,thoseinpowershouldstepdownregularly.
3)Inaddition,suchsystemmightactivateyoungmantoworkhardsincetheyseethechoiceandhopetobealeader.Andanewleadershipusuallyhasgreaterinitiativemotivationandwouldbringaboutnewideas.Andthisnewemergedleadersbringnewwaysofleadingandmanaging,andtheyaremorelikelytokeeppacewiththechangingtimesaswell.
2.Ontheotherhand,frequentlychangingtheleaderalsobringsoutsomeproblems.
1)Theleadertendstoonlyfocusonhisachievementinhistimeinthepositionbut
regardlessthesubsequentleader.
2)Besides,notallthoseinpowerofallprofessionsshouldstepdownafterfiveyears.
Thoseinpowerusuallyhaveabundantexperience.
3)Furthermore,newleadershipcannotensuretobethesurestpathtosuccessforany
enterprise.Newleadersoftenlackthenecessaryskillandexperiencetocopewithexigentproblems;therefore,theyneedaperiodoftimeforadaptation.
歷史研究:
Themainbenefitofthestudyofhistoryistodispeltheillusionthatpeoplelivingnowaresignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedinearliertimes.
研究歷史的最大益處在于打破這樣的幻想:現(xiàn)代人和歷史上的人有很大不同。Thisstatementactuallyinsistsoftwoclaims.First,peopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistoryisanillusion.Second,theprimaryofthestudyofhistoryistobreakdownthisillusion.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iconcedethatpeopleliveindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorysharesomecommonground,however,Idisagreewithbothofthetwoclaims.
1.Admittedly,fromthehumanhistory,weknowthatthebasicnatureofhumanbeinghasnot
changedever:goodandevil.
1)Peopleineveryperiodoftimearethirstyforfreedom,equality,democracyandthelike.
Peoplemaintainthemeritsofintelligence,diligence,creativityandsoon.
2)However,wealsosharethedemeritsofprejudice,envyandgreed.Innovationpromotes
developmentwhilegreedleadstowars.Humanracekeepprogressingofthecivilizationinthisway.
2.Ontheotherhand,thestudyofhistoryisequallybeneficialtounderstandandappreciate
significantdifferencesbetweenpeoplesofdifferenttimeperiods.
1)Intermsofculturalmorals,customs,values,andideals.TakeChinesefeudalsocietyas
anexample,duringthattime,allpowerswereinthehandsoftheemperoralone,whowasassistedbyagroupofministersledbytheprimeminister.Localgovernorswereappointedbythecentralgovernment.Thecommonpeoplehadnodemocraticrightsatall.
3.Besides,historyhasmanyotherfunctions,whichmightbemoresignificantthantobreak
downtheillusionthatpeopleinoneperiodoftimearesignificantlydifferentfrompeoplewholivedatanyothertimeinhistory.
1)Forexample,studyingoftheachievementofthepastcangiveusinspiration.Studying
themistakesandfailuresofthepastcanpreventusfromrepeatingthosemistakesandfailuresagain.
科學(xué)與政府:
Governmentsshouldplacefew,ifany,restrictionsonscientificresearchanddevelopment.政府應(yīng)該盡量不去限制科學(xué)研究和發(fā)展。
1.Generallyspeaking,governmentshouldplacefewrestrictionsonscientificresearchand
development.
1)Littlerelativeknowledge.
2)Wouldbeinclinedtobeinsupportwhattheyregardworthwhileandwouldbenefitthe
peopleimmediately.
2.Freeresearchcanincreaseinventionandprogresseasily,thustoomuchrestrictionsmight
encumberthedevelopmentofscience.
1)Wecanseelotsofexamplesinthehistorywhichcanshowthattoomuchrestriction
wouldbedetrimentaltothedevelopmentofscientificresearch.
2)Atellingexampleoftheinherentdangerofofficialrestrictionofthescientificresearch
involvestheattemptsofSovietduring1920s’tonotonlycontrolthedirectionsandgoalsofresearchesbuttheoutcomeandresultsoftheresearchaswellforthepurposeofthegeneralwelfareofthepeople.Somescientistsevendisappearedlaterbecauseoftheirthreatstothesafetyandstabilityofthenation.Notsurprisingly,duringthisperiodoftime,nosignificantdiscoveryorinventionoccurred.
3.However,providingabsolutefreedommightcauseotherproblemsofequalgraveness.
1)Someimmoralresearchesoronesareinthreatsofthepeace,safetyandstabilityofthe
society.
2)Scientificresearchanddevelopmentisadouble-edgedswordthatcanbeusedequally
forgoodorevil.Ifnotproperlycontrolled,itwillbringdisasterstous.SuchashumanCloning,biochemistryweapon,thenuclearbomb.
Conclusion:Therestrictionsplacedbygovernmentonscientificresearchshouldbejudgedaccordingtothedifferentnatureofvariousresearchprojects.
教育方法:
Thebestwaytoteachistopraisepositiveactionsandignorenegativeones.教育的最佳方式是贊揚(yáng)積極的行為,忽視消極的行為。Thestatementoverlookscircumstancesunderwhichpraisemightbeinappropriate,aswellasignoringthebeneficialvalueofconstructivecriticism,andsometimesevenpunishment.
1.Therecommendationthatparents,teachersandemployerspraisepositiveactionsisgenerally
goodadvice.
2.Whilerecommendingpraiseforpositiveactionsisfundamentallysoundadvice,thisadviceshouldcarrywithitcertaincaveats.
3.Asforignoringnegativeactions,Iagreethatminorpeccadilloescan,andinmanycases
should,beoverlooked.
4.Atthesametime,somemeasureofconstructivecriticismandcritique,andsometimeseven
punishment,isappropriate.
社會(huì)傳媒:
Claim:Itisnolongerpossibleforasocietytoregardanylivingmanorwomanasahero.
Reason:Thereputationofanyonewhoissubjectedtomediascrutinywilleventuallybediminished.
結(jié)論:當(dāng)今任何社會(huì)已經(jīng)不再可能將任何在世的人標(biāo)榜為英雄人物。原因:任何人遭受媒體的監(jiān)察,必定會(huì)聲名掃地。Technologyhasalsomadeiteasiertodigfurtherthaneverbeforeintoaperson’spast,increasingthepossibilitythatthesubject’sreputationmaybeharmed.
1.Withoutadoubt,therearemanyexamplesofindividualswhosereputationhavebeen
diminishedbymediascrutiny.
1)Fameandfortuneturnanordinaryindividualintoamediatargetwherereporterswill
stopatalmostnothingto“digupdirt”thatwillsellmorenewspapersorenticemoreviewerstowatchatelevisionprogram.Evenifwhentheyfail,theymightproducesomescandalstocaterthepublicinterests.
2.Eventhoughmediascrutinyincreasesthepossibilitythatthereputationofaherowillbe
harmed,ithelpshavedeepinsightintoourheroesandweshouldrememberthatnoindividualisperfect.
1)Inthisway,wecangetclosetorealheroesandencouragemoretostruggletoservethe
society.
2)Mediaviewers,readersandlistenersfindinformationaboutthemisfortunesand
misdeedsofothers,especiallyheroicpublicfiguresowingtomassmediagenerallyconsistofprofitseekingentities,whosechiefobjectiveistomaximizeprofits.
3)Withthehelpofintensivemediacoverage,wecanexamineheroescarefully.Newson
internetofferopportunitiestocultivatecriticalthinkingskillsandobjectivitytomakecorrectjudgmentbeyondwhatthemediafeedsthem.
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