高中化學(xué)有機(jī)方程式歸納

有機(jī)化學(xué)方程式歸納

一、取代反應(yīng)R-H+X2光照光照R-X+HXCH3Cl+HClCH2Cl2+HClCHCl3+HClCCl4+HCl

H2SO4(濃)55－60℃BrCH4+Cl2CH3Cl+Cl2光照光照光照CH2Cl2+Cl2CHCl3+Cl2+HO-NO2+Br2NO2+H2O

FeBr3+HBr

H2O△CH3CH2Br+NaOH2CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OH+NaBr

H2SO4(濃)140℃C2H5OC2H5+H2O

二、加成反應(yīng)

CH2=CH2+Br2→CH2BrCH2Br（1,2二溴乙烷）CH2=CH2+H2CH2=CH2+HClCH2=CH2+H2OCHCH+H2CHCH+2H2

催化劑△△CH3CH3

CH3CH2Cl

催化劑催化劑加熱、加壓CH3CH2OH

催化劑△催化劑△CH3CH3CH2=CH2

催化劑CHCH+HCl

+3H2RCHO+H2CH3CHO+H2

OH

Ni△△CH2=CHCl

Ni△R─CH2OHNi△CH3CH2OH

+3H2

Ni△OHNi△

+3H2

(硬脂酸甘油酯)

三、氧化反應(yīng)y

CxHy+(x+4)O2CH4+2O2

點(diǎn)燃點(diǎn)燃y

xCO2+2H2O

CO2+2H2O(現(xiàn)象：藍(lán)色火焰)

CH2=CH2+2O22CHCH+5O22C6H6+15O2

點(diǎn)燃點(diǎn)燃CO2+2H2O(現(xiàn)象：明亮火焰，伴有黑煙)

4CO2+2H2O

(現(xiàn)象：明亮火焰，伴有濃黑煙)

點(diǎn)燃12CO2+6H2O(現(xiàn)象：明亮火焰，伴有濃黑煙)

2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+O2

Cu/Ag△2CH3CHO+2H2O

催化劑△2CH3COOH

CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH

△CH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+2H2O

△CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHRCHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH

△CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH+2Ag+4NH3+H2O

R─COONa+Cu2O↓+3H2O

△CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2+NaOH

四、水解反應(yīng)

CH3COONa+Cu2O↓+3H2O

CH3CH2Br+NaOHRCOOR"+H2ORCOOR"+NaOH

H2O△CH3CH2OH+NaBrRCOOH+HOR"

H2SO4(稀)△△RCOONa+HOR"

H2SO4(稀)△△CH3COOC2H5+H2OCH3COOC2H5+NaOH

CH3COOH+C2H5OH

CH3COONa+C2H5OH

(C6H10O5)n+nH2O

H2SO4(稀)nC6H12O6

（淀粉）（葡萄糖）

催化劑(C6H10O5)n+nH2OC12H22O11+H2O

△nC6H12O6

（纖維素）（葡萄糖）

催化劑C6H12O6+C6H12O6

（蔗糖）(葡萄糖)(果糖)

C12H22O11+H2O

五、酯化反應(yīng)

催化劑（麥芽糖）（葡萄糖）

2C6H12O6

H2SO4(濃)CH3COOH+HOC2H5

H2SO4(濃)△CH3COOC2H5+H2O

RCOOH+HOR"

△RCOOR"+H2O

CH3COOH+HOC2H53C17H35COOH+

六、消去反應(yīng)（鄰C有H）CnH2n+1X+NaOHCH3CH2Br+NaOHCH3CH2OH

七、加聚反應(yīng)nCH2=CH2

催化劑醇△18

H2SO4(濃)△CH3CO18OC2H5+H2O

+3H2O

H2SO4(濃)△CnH2n+NaX+H2OCH2=CH2↑+NaBr+H2O

醇△H2SO4(濃)170℃CH2=CH2+H2O

CH2CH2］［n

八、縮聚反應(yīng)nHOCH2CH2COOH

HO[CH2CH2CO］nOH+(n-1)H2OHO[OC(CH2)4COO(CH2)2O］nH+(2n-1)H2O2)2OHnHOOC(CH2)4COOH+nHO(CH

九、裂化反應(yīng)(稍作了解)CH4

△C+2H2

△C16H34C8H18C4H10C4H10

C8H18+C8H16C4H10+C4H8C2H6+C2H4CH4+C3H6

△△△十、置換反應(yīng)

2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑2

OH

+2Na→2

+H2↑ONa2CH3COOH+2Na→2CH3COONa+H2↑

十一、其它反應(yīng)

OH

+NaOH→+CO2+H2O→

ONa+H2O

OHONa+NaHCO3

CH3COOH+NaOH→CH3COONa+H2O2CH3COOH+CuO→(CH3COO)2Cu+H2O

2CH3COOH+Na2CO3→2CH3COONa+CO2↑+H2O

十二、有機(jī)離子反應(yīng)

2CH3COOH+Cu(OH)2→2CH3COO－+Cu2++2H2O2CH3COOH+CaO→Ca2++2CH3COO－+H2O2CH3COOH+Zn→Zn2++H2↑+2CH3COO－

2CH3COOH+CaCO3→Ca2++2CH3COO－+CO2↑+H2O

O－+CO2+H2O→OH

+HCO3-

擴(kuò)展閱讀：：高中化學(xué)有機(jī)化學(xué)方程式匯總

高中有機(jī)化學(xué)方程式匯總

1.CH4+Cl2光照CH3Cl+HCl2.CH光照3Cl+Cl2CH2Cl2+HCl3.CH光照2Cl+Cl2CHCl3+HCl4.CHCl光照3+Cl2CCl4+HCl5.CH4高溫C+2H2

6.C催化劑

16H34加熱、加壓C8H18+C8H16

7.CH3COONa+NaOHCaOCH4↑+Na2CO3

△

8.CH2=CH2+Br2CH2BrCH2Br

9.CH2=CH2+H2O催化劑CH3CH2OH10.CH2=CH2+HBr催化劑CH3CH2Br△11.CH2=CH2+H2催化劑CH3CH3

△12.nCH2=CH2催化劑[CH2CH2]n

13.nCH2=CH-CH=CH2催化劑[CH2-CH=CH-CH2]n14.2CH催化劑2=CH2+O22CH3CHO15.CH≡CH+Br2CHBr=CHBr16.CHBr=CHBr+Br2CHBr2－CHBr2

17.CH≡CH+HCl催化劑H2

C=CHCl△

18.nCH2=CH[CH2－CH]nClCl19.CH≡CH+H2O催化劑CH3CHO

20.CaC2+2H2OCH≡CH↑+Ca(OH)221.+Br2催化劑Br+HBr22.+HO－NO2濃硫酸NO2+H2O

△23.+HO－SO3H△SO3H+H2O

24.CH3+3H2催化劑△CH3NO2ON25.+3HO－NO2催化劑2+3H2O26.3CH≡CH→NO227.CH3CH2Br+H2ONaOHCH3CH2OH+HBr28.CH3CH2Br+NaOHCH3CH2OH+NaBr29.CH3CH2Br+NaOH醇CH2=CH2+NaBr+H2O

△H2O30.2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑31.2CH3CH2OH+O2催化劑2CH3CHO+2H2O

△

32.CH3CH2OH濃硫酸CH2=CH2↑+H2O33.C2H5OH+C2H5

170℃

OH濃硫酸C140℃2H5OC2H5+H2O

34.OH+NaOHONa+H2O35.OH+H2OO－+H3O+36.ONa+H2O+CO2OH+NaHCO3

OHBr37．+3Br2Br↓+3HBr

△催化劑△OHBr38.CH3CHO+H2催化劑CH3CH2OH39.2CH3CHO+O22CH3COOH40.CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHCH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O

41CH3CHO+2Cu(OH)2△CH3COOH+Cu2O↓+2H2O

△42.2CH3COOH+2Na2CH3COONa+H2↑43.2CH3COOH+Na2CO32CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑

44.CH3COOH+NaHCO3CH3COONa+H2O+CO2↑

45.CH3COOH+NaOHCH3COONa+H2O

46.2CH3COOH+Cu(OH)2(CH3COO)2Cu+2H2Owww.7334dd.com

COOCHCH+HO47.CH3COOH+CH3CH2OH濃硫酸CH3232△48.CH3COOCH2CH3+NaOHCH3COONa+CH3CH2OH

49.nOHCH2CH2COOH→[OCH2CH2C]n+H2O50.C6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)51.C6H12O6催化劑2CH3CH2OH+2CO252.C12H22O11+H2OC6H12O6+C6H12O6蔗糖葡萄糖果糖

53.C12H22O11+H2O催化劑2C6H12O6

麥芽唐葡萄糖催化劑54.(C6H10O5)n+nH2OnC6H12O6

淀粉葡萄糖nCHO55.(C6H10O5)n+nH2O催化劑6126△纖維素葡萄糖

催化劑

56.C17H33COO-CH2C17H35COO-CH2C17H33COO-CH+3H2加熱、加壓C17H35COO-CHC17H33COO-CH2C17H35COO-CH257.C17H35COO-CH2CH2-OH

C17H35COO-CH+3NaOH3C17H35COONa+CH-OHwww.7334dd.comC17H35COO-CH2OCH2-OHO58.CH2OHCOOH+

CH2OHCOOH

濃硫酸△CCOO+2H2OCH2－CH2催化劑

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