201*年計CMA證復(fù)審工作總結(jié)
計量認(rèn)證復(fù)審工作匯報
我中心第一次計量認(rèn)證復(fù)審時間是201*年,有效期至201*年6月22日。201*年1月8日通過復(fù)審,通過的計量認(rèn)證項目有6項,增加檢測項目29項。
此次復(fù)審主要從以下幾個方面著手:一、體系文件換版工作。
(一)根據(jù)國家認(rèn)監(jiān)委和西藏自治區(qū)質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局的要求,按照《西藏自治區(qū)檢驗機(jī)構(gòu)計量認(rèn)證/審查認(rèn)可(驗收)評審準(zhǔn)則》,進(jìn)行了質(zhì)量體系文件的換版工作,發(fā)布了新版的《質(zhì)量手冊》和《程序文件》,于201*年3月實施。
(二)人員培訓(xùn)
編制質(zhì)量體系文件之前,中心技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人、質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)人、內(nèi)審員、質(zhì)量監(jiān)督員都參加自治區(qū)質(zhì)量技術(shù)監(jiān)督局舉辦的培訓(xùn)班,經(jīng)考核合格。
質(zhì)量體系文件換版以后,進(jìn)行計量認(rèn)證知識的全員宣傳和貫徹。內(nèi)容包括:計量認(rèn)證相關(guān)的法律、法規(guī),質(zhì)量手冊、程序文件等。形式有:全員集中培訓(xùn),各成員分散培訓(xùn)。
二、申請工作
(一)申請復(fù)審要求提供以下資料:1、申請書一式兩份
包括:基本情況、近兩年的比對活動情況、申請新增項目的開展情況、內(nèi)審、管理評審情況、技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人/質(zhì)量負(fù)責(zé)人/授權(quán)簽字人簡歷表、檢驗機(jī)構(gòu)工作人員一覽表、檢測實驗室儀器設(shè)備/標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)配置表、檢測能力分析一覽表、申請計量認(rèn)證/審查認(rèn)可(驗收/授權(quán))項目表。
2、質(zhì)量手冊和程序文件3、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有效性證明材料4、其他有關(guān)材料或證明文件
包括:法人證明材料、組織機(jī)構(gòu)代碼證書(復(fù)印件)、申請項目提供參加能力驗證的證明材料(若無,則提供典型項目的實驗室間比對試驗報告)(復(fù)印件)、原計量認(rèn)證/審查認(rèn)可(驗收/授權(quán))證書附表(復(fù)印件)
(三)編制檢測細(xì)則和原始記錄格式
方法經(jīng)確認(rèn)后,由檢測人員編制檢測細(xì)則和原始記錄格式。進(jìn)行受控。(四)申請項目的檢測報告
要求每個項目1~2份,復(fù)查項目分類提供。(五)能力驗證和室間比對選擇典型項目進(jìn)行室間比對。(六)填寫申請書
根據(jù)確定的項目及限制范圍填寫項目表、儀器設(shè)備/標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì)配置表、檢測能力分析一覽表。上報省質(zhì)監(jiān)局。
三、評審前準(zhǔn)備工作(一)查漏補缺
評審時要查看前三年的相關(guān)資料,尤其是:內(nèi)審、管理評審、能力驗證、人員培訓(xùn)、儀器檢定證書等。檢驗報告從五年內(nèi)的報告中抽查。前一次認(rèn)證的項目檢測報告。要核對每一個項目,如無檢測報告,可以自己送樣做。
(二)內(nèi)審、管理評審
最好在評審前進(jìn)行一次內(nèi)審和管理評審,查找存在的不足之處,進(jìn)行整改。四、我中心的復(fù)審工作順利完成與以下幾點是分不開的:(一)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)重視,各成員合作
計量認(rèn)證工作是和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的重視分不開的,我們學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)高度重視該項工作,幾次召開相關(guān)科室負(fù)責(zé)人和全體職工會議,明確職責(zé)。各科室間配合得也相當(dāng)協(xié)調(diào),主動認(rèn)真完成各自的任務(wù)。
(二)職責(zé)明確
計量認(rèn)證涉及的主要部門有:工程中心、檢測中心、辦公室。由檢測中心牽頭,對各科室進(jìn)行分工,明確其在不同的階段需做的工作。
西藏林芝土木水利電力工程技術(shù)研究中心
201*年8月3日
擴(kuò)展閱讀:CMA習(xí)題總結(jié)P3
SA
TOCfocusesonidentifyingtheplaceintheproductionprocesswheretotalrequiredhoursexceedtheavailablehours,notthereverse.Thisplaceiscalledthebottleneck.
Benchmarkingisundertakingbestpracticeanalysistocutcosts,boostoutput,andachievetheirstrategicgoals.
DBR:theconstrainedprocessisthedrumandasequencefprocessespriortotheconstraintistherope.Theobjectiveistobalancetheflowofproductionthroughtheropebytimingandschedulingactivityforallprocessesleadinguptothedrum.
4organizationallevels:corporatelevel,businessunitlevel,divisionlevel.
Business-levelinvolvesdecisionsaboutwhatproductsshouldbeofferedandwhichcustomergroups.決定生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品及消費對象。
Functional-levelstrategiesaredevelopedtoimprovetheeffectivenessofacompany"soperations.改進(jìn)效率,配置相關(guān)服務(wù)人員。
Primaryactivities:marketingandsalesSupportactivities,Informationsystem,infrastructure基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)
Themissionstatementdefineswhythecor.existsandprioritizesandcommunicatesitsoverallobjectives.
FiveForceModel:bargainingpowerofsuppliers,theclosenessofsubstitutestoacor.’sproducts,theriskofentrybypotentialcompetitors.
TQM的分析方法:Controlchart,histogram,andParetodiagramTOC:Drum-Buffer-Ropediagram
Fragmentedindustriesarecomposedofmanysmallandmedium-sizedbusinessessuchasmotelsorrestaurants;Lowentrybarriers,diseconomiesofscaleandaconstantstreamofnewcompetitorstotheirindustries.
獲得比較優(yōu)勢的4個方面4factorscreatedcompetitiveadvantage:efficiency,quality,innovation,customerresponsiveness.比較優(yōu)勢的含義:有高于行業(yè)平均利潤的利潤率。
說一家公司成功的擁有比較優(yōu)勢而其他對手失敗是指:thestrategiesthatthesuccessfulcompanypursueshaveastrongimpactonitsperformancerelativetoitsrivals.優(yōu)于其他人的戰(zhàn)略并對他人造成了影響。
JITrequires:leanproduction精益生產(chǎn),eachworkerisabletooperateallmachineryandperformallsupportingtasks,workcells.
Productivitysystem:FMS,CAD,CAMAnalyticalmodeling:DSSusedforwhat-ifanalysis,sensitivityanalysis,goal-seekinganalysis,optimizationanalysis.
PorterofHBSsetforth3genericstrategies:costleadership,differentiation,focusorcompetitivescope.
KansaninJapanesemeans"visualrecord”.It’sasimplepartsmovementinwhich"cards"areusedtokeeptrackofinventory.1960s誕生atToyota.Kaizen:持續(xù)改進(jìn)。
Contingencyplanningorscenarioplanningconsidersalternativesthatenablethecor.torespondquicklyandcapablytofuture,external,generallyunpredictableevents.
3個利潤的基本來源因素:Thecostsofcreatingthecor."sproducts;thepricethatthecor.chargesforitsproducts;theamountofvalueplacedonthecompany"sproducts.
Life-cyclestrategiesincludeharvesttheproduct,maxmarketshare,maxprofit.不包括superiorresponsivenesstocustomers.這個是4factorstohavecompetitiveadvantage.
S-B
Electronicmarketingisbecomingmoreandmoresuccessfulinreapingadditionalprofitsforcompanieswhilebuildingcustomerrelationshipinaverycost-effectivemannerparticularlycomparedtoadirectmailcampaign.
MarketingcommunicationmixismadeupofAD,salespromotion,publicrelationandpublicity,personalselling,anddirectandinteractivemarketing.
Consumergoods包括:Unsoughtgoods,conveniencegoods,specialtygoods.
Marketpenetration市場滲透pricingiswhenacompanywantsmaxitsmarketshareandbelievesthatahighersalesvolumewillleadtolowerunitcostsandhigherlong-term.
Priceskimminginvolvessettingahighintroductoryprice.先設(shè)定高價格,然后降價吸引新顧客。skimmingmaxrevenuesfromthedifferentmarketsegments.特點:1.Customersmustperceivetheproductworthitsprice;2.costofproducingsmallvolumesislow3,competitorscannoteasilyenterthemarket.
Salespromotion:目標(biāo)源于marketingobjectives,包括avarietyofshort-termincentives,fostersupportofnewmodelsandproducts.
Customerrelationshipmanagement(CRM):customerdatabases,datmining,databasemarketing.customeradvantage是間接關(guān)系。
Requirelife-cyclestrategies:growthstage,introductionstage,maturitystage.
品牌:Abrandcanconveyupto6levelsofmeaning:attributes,benefits,culture,personalityandtypeofuser.Brandbonding是讓顧客有一個全面積極地體驗withtheCOR.Inthedeliveryofitscontract,orpromise.
Productsandservicesaretraditionallyclassifiedonthebasisofdurability,tangibility.Shoppinggoods是consumergoods
StrategicGroupisagroupofcompaniesthatfollowsasimilarstrategyinthesametargetmarket.
Productmixisalsocalledproductassortment,this"sthecompletesetofallproductsandservicesthatacompanyoffers.4Ps:product,price,place,promotion.
Thetacticalmarketingplanaddresses:promotion,productfeatures,customers’serviceaswellasmerchandising,pricingandsaleschannels.
Majortrendsinproductsupportservicesparticularintheareaofcustomerservice:equipmentmfgareaddingmodularity;companiesareincreasingthequalityoftheircallcenters,third-partyorganizationsareincreasinglyservicingmoreequipment.
Industrialgoods:suppliesandbusinessservices,capitalitems,materialsandparts.
TheneedforReal-timeinformationisgreater:thegrowthofglobalmarketingfromnationalmarketing,anewfocusoncustomers"wants(notneeds),whichhasshiftedfrombuyerneedsandthetrendtowardnon-pricecompetition
Priceadjustmentstrategy:geographicalpricing,psychologicalpricing.
CRM:Surveymanagementsoftware,callcentersoftware,contactmanagementsoftware.
Marketingstrategy中,STP:Segmentation,targetingandpositioning.
選擇市場的步驟:Demandmeasurementandforecasting,marketingsegmentation,markettargeting,andmarketpositioning.Technologycapability是abilitytoserveconsumers.
公司擁有的competenciesarethecompany"sstrengthsthatenableproductdifferentiationandlowercosts.Resources:theCor."scapitalorfinancialendowments,physical,human,technologicalandorganizationalfactorendowmentsthatcreatecustomervalues.(包括人力、技術(shù)、財力)Capabilitiesincludeskillsatcoordinatingandeffectivelyusingthefirm"sskills.
Marketsegmentation:nichemarketing,micromarketing,massmarketing
Theforcesthatinfluencethecompany"smarketingstrategyinclude:technological-naturalenvironment,demographic-economicenvironment,social-culturalenvironment,andpolitical-legalenvironment.
Globalization:市場和產(chǎn)品全球化isbringingaboutafundamentalchangeintheworldeconomy.Theresultsincludemoreintenserivalries,increasedinnovationandshorterproductlifecycles以及theloweringofbarrierstotradeandinvestmentacrossbordershasproducedaprofoundeffect.更激烈的競爭,加速革新,更短的產(chǎn)品壽命。Afewconsolidatedoligopolieswithinanationalmarketbeingforcedtochangeintosegmentsoffragmentedglobalorganizationsfightingformarketshareincountryaftercountry.
定價政策:Competitors"prices,pricecontrols,marketsize.
Costleadershipisabusinessmodelchoice,notastrategy.在產(chǎn)品衰退期,所有方面都在下降。R&D,AD,salespromotionandsellingsupportinthehopethatsaleswillholdupanyway都要縮減。
5Patternsoftargetmarketselection:selectivespecialization,single-segmentconcentration,productspecialization.
3waystomanagetheseactivities:globalorganization,theinternationaldivision,theexportdepartment.
ADrequirea5-step(5M)courseofaction:1,SettingtheADobjectives;2,creatingabudget;3,selectingthemessage;4,determiningtheappropriateADmedia;5,appraisingtheresultsormeasurement.
SelectstrategyforaADmessage,a4-stepprocess:messagegeneration,evaluationandselectionofthemessage,executionandreviewofsocialresponsibility.
公共關(guān)系能影響:Packaging,labeling,laws,pollution,andresources.
marketingmix4Ps要素:product,price,promotionandplace
MichaelPorter"s3genericstrategies:costleadership,differentiation,focus.Positioningstrategy:uniquesellproposition,double-benefit,andtriple-benefit.
Harveststrategy收割戰(zhàn)略
Consumergoods包括:Unsoughtgoods,非渴求物品conveniencegoods便利品,specialtygoods.產(chǎn)品定位策略(Productpositioningstrategy):uniquesellproposition獨特的銷售主張,double-benefit,triple-benefit.
49.producedbyanaturalprocess(如水,石油)
SCshort-termfinancingandworkingcapital
short-selling:買方,借來債券現(xiàn)買出,在交割的時候再買入。
Workingcapitalmanagementrequiresbalancingtheriskofinsolvencywiththebenefitsoflonger-term,higher-returninvestments.
Marketablesecurity:shortterm,highlyliquidinvestments,(U.S.Treasurybills,Eurdollars,commericalpaper)Convertiblebonds通常是長期
CD:NegotiableCDarelessriskythanbankers"acceptances行承的商票,行承的票,票的主人承行,承行有付款的任。andcommercialpaper.因此利率也低。
Holdingcash的理由:Maintainadequatecashneededfortransactions,meetfutureneeds,andsatisfycompensatingbalancerequirements.
Commercialpaper:沒有二級市場,usuallyhasamaturityoflessthan270days,比treasurebills更風(fēng)險收益就更高,用Commercialpapermarketforshort-termfinancing的好處:Theborroweravoidstheexpenseofmaintainingacompensatingbalancewithacommercialbank;themarketprovidesmorefundsatlowerratesthanothermethodsprovide,themarketprovidesabroaddistributionforborrowing.
Tradecredit-小公司的大額短期借款installmentloan通常不是短期
Adraftcheck銀行匯票thepayablesfloatisincreasedbecauseittakesadditionaltimeafterthepaymenthasbeenreceivedbythesupplierbeforethemoneyisdeductedfromthepayer"saccount.
短期現(xiàn)金管理的目的是保持流動性和安全。
當(dāng)短期financing相對于長期融資增加,thegreatertheriskthatitwillbeunabletmeetprincipalandinterestpayment.增大了來不及付本金和利息的風(fēng)險。
Securedshort-termfinancingonlyexampleisawarehousereceipt.
Creditterms:提供信用期當(dāng)1,thecompanyneedscashandtheinterestratefromthecashdiscountislowerthantheavailableforborrowing;2,thecompetitorsofferedthemandcustomersexpectsuchadiscount.信用政策的存在是為了防范潛在的違約風(fēng)險。Easeitscreditpolicy=givemorecredittomoreconsumer;itwillincreasetoaccommodatehighersaleslevels.
衡量workingcapitalmanagement:Acid-testratio,inventoryturnoverratio,andaveragecollectionperiodratio.
AP是自發(fā)的融資。Prepaidassets也是短期資產(chǎn)Float:check-depositday
安全庫存取決于:1,thevariabilityoftheleadtime;2,thevariabilityofthedemandoftheproduct;3,thecostofstockout.
Carryingcost:storageandhandling,obsolescenceanddeterioration惡化,insuranceandtaxes.orderingcost主要組成是productionset-up
ObligationsissuedbyfederalagenciesotherthantheUS.treasurydepartmentareguaranteedbytheagencyissuing由代理結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)行,沒有政府擔(dān)保。
81.計算salesday=15*.2+.4*30+.2*452/15,net30
92,98概念discountedinterest貼現(xiàn)利率VS.票面利率104,111,68,74.
Q:5.WHY12.premiumaccount,standardaccount?43.
48,53,71,76為什么要/2?
85算流動比率包括(prepaidexpense>???)94,一周不是2次嗎?一周加速2天?
99,我用Creditsales算出來的才是答案,不是應(yīng)該用sales嘛?
SC-2long-termfinancing
0息票據(jù):Interestcanbeamortizedannuallyonastraight-linebutisanoncashoutlay.
公司信用債debenture:Isatypeofbondthathasnocollateralbehindthem。They’resupportedonlybythecompanywiththeirfaithandcredit.
Poisonpilladefenseinwhichtheshareholdersofthecompanyhavetheoptiontobuythesharesofthemergedcompanyatareducedprice.Asthepotentialdilutionofownershipthroughthisdiscountedsaleofshares,anacquiringcompanywillbelesslikelytobuythecompany.
優(yōu)先股retired的方式:Sinkingfund,callprovision,conversion.
Warrant:權(quán)證的種類分為認(rèn)購權(quán)證(買權(quán))和認(rèn)沽權(quán)證(賣權(quán))權(quán)證分為按行權(quán)期限的不同,權(quán)證可以分為美式權(quán)證(AmericanStyleWarrant)、歐式權(quán)證(EuropeanStyleWarrant)和百慕大式權(quán)證(BermudaStyleWarrant)。百慕大權(quán)證介于歐式權(quán)證和美式權(quán)證之間,百慕大權(quán)證具有多個行權(quán)日或是一段行權(quán)期,如到期日前5日。權(quán)證按發(fā)行人可分為兩類:股本權(quán)證(EquityWarrant)和備兌權(quán)證(DerivativeWarrant)股本權(quán)證通常由上市公司自行發(fā)行,也可以通過券商、投行等金融機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)行,標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)通常為上市公司或其子公司的股票。目前絕大多數(shù)股本權(quán)證都是歐式認(rèn)購權(quán)證。兌權(quán)證由上市公司以外的第三者發(fā)行。發(fā)行人通常都是資信卓著的金融機(jī)構(gòu),或是持有大量的認(rèn)股對象公司股票以供投資者到時兌換,或是有雄厚的資金實力作擔(dān)保,能夠依照備兌權(quán)證所列的條款向投資者承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
Incomebond:payinterestonlyiftheissuingcompanyhasearnedtheinterest,orwhentherehavebeenprofitstopaytheinterestfrom
儲架注冊制度(ShelfRegistrationSystem)允許發(fā)行人在注冊說明書生效后連續(xù)多次發(fā)行證券,簡化了注冊程序,提高了融資靈活性,降低了融資成本,提高了證券市場的效率.Itenablesacompanytoregistershares,butnotimmediatelyissuethem,theCor.makealargeregistrationandthensellthesharesastheyareneededinsteadofmakingmanysmallerregistrations.
After-taxweightedmarginalcostofbond=實際利率*(1-t)
減少票面利率:changeinratingfromAAtoAAA;sinkingfund,conversionoption(贖回)Callprovision召回保護(hù)發(fā)行方當(dāng)公司破產(chǎn)時insolvent意味資不抵債,eitherliquidatedorreorganized.要么清算要么重組
資本成本:thetimevalueofmoneyshouldbeincorporated;allcostsshouldbeexpressedasafter-taxcost;以加權(quán)方式表示。計算包括了時間價值,在稅后
Financialstructure是financingsourcesoftheassetsofafirm.Traditionally,thefinancialstructureconsistsofcurrentliabilities,long-termdebt,RE,andstock.目標(biāo)是maxthenetworthofthefirm.
Ex-dividenddate:isthedatewhentherighttoadividendexpires到期.
公司最佳資本結(jié)構(gòu)的目標(biāo)是:Minweighted-averagecostofcapital,maxthepriceofthefirm"sstock
影響公司價值決策:saleariskydivisionthatwillnowincreasethecreditratingoftheentirecompany,investmentinaproject,useofamorehighlyleveragedcapitalstructurethatresultedinalowercostofcapital.以上都會增加公司價值。
Covenant是限制條款:Thecompanycannotacquireorsellmajorassetwithoutpriorcreditorapproval.
分紅:Usuallyexhibitgreaterstabilitythanearnings.
Marginalcostofcapital約等于WAofthecostofdebtandequity
優(yōu)先股特點:Novotingrights,noprincipalrepayments,asuperiorclaimtoCSequity,dividendpaymentsnottaxdeductible.Becauseequitycarriesnoguaranteeofareturn,investorstypicallydemandahigheryieldtocompensateforthehigherrisk.
Sinkingfundrequireforretirementofthebondsmature.
Bookvalueofcommonstock=(commonstock+RE+APIC)/數(shù)量
flotationcosts籌資成本與CAPM無關(guān)
利息保障倍數(shù)=息稅前利潤÷利息費用
在股利增長模型中,股票價格由投資者得要求報酬率決定。
Option:83,95.thevalueoftheshareex-rights=marketprice-valueofrightsonprice
Thetheoryunderlyingthecostofcapitalisbasedprimarilyonthecostoflong-termfundsandacquisitionofnewfunds,itconcernedwiththecostoflong-termfundsandnewfunds.資本成本主要是關(guān)注長期資產(chǎn)和新資金。
短期融資的目標(biāo)是meettheworkingcapitalneeds
LessleveragedfirmhavelessvolatileEPS
Junkbondsaresecuritiesratedatlessthaninvestmentgrade.
看待dividends的2種理論:Theresidualpart:earningsshouldberetainedandreinvestedaslongasprofitableprojectsareavailable.
anactivepolicystrategy:theCOR.believesthatthepaymentofdividendsprovidesinformationonthecor.tothemarket.Therefore,thecor.willbeverycarefulandspecificwiththeamountthattheypayasdividendseachperiod.
124.Maturitymatchingorequalizingthelifeofanassetandthedebtinstrumentusedtofinancethatassetisahedgingapproach.Thebasicconceptifthatthecompanyhastheentirelifeoftheassettorecovertheamountinvestedbeforehavingtopaythelender.????
歐洲債券:公司更喜歡Eurobondsratherthanthedomesticbondsisthecostsislessbecauseoftheabsenceofgovernmentregulation.沒有政府監(jiān)管
Venturecapital特點:haveaperiodofnoliquidityaftertheinvestmentismade;theuseofcommonstockformostplacements;initialprivateplacementforthemajorityofissues.一般不超過5年。
Underwritingspread:thedifferencebetweenthepricetheinvestmentbankerpaysforanewsecurityissueandthepriceatwhichthesecuritiesareresold.This"stheprofitthatisearnedbytheunderwriteronthetransaction.
做資本預(yù)算時,原則是increaseoutputuntilmarginalcostequalsmarginalrevenue.Theoptimalcapitalbudgetisdeterminedbycalculatingthepointatwhichmarginalcostofcapitalandthemarginalefficiencyofinvestmentintersect.邊際成本等于投資回報率下的利潤最大項目。
106,62,74,24,97,120,29,63,44
銷售百分比法算籌資總額。敏感項目的資產(chǎn)-負(fù)債(AR,Cash,Inve.Fixed非飽和-AP,taxeswages)為非敏感項目:mortgagebonds無形資產(chǎn)長期資產(chǎn)固定資產(chǎn)飽和長期負(fù)債,權(quán)益,短期借款。相關(guān)性不大。
股東權(quán)益計劃又稱“毒丸計劃”(poisonpills):adefenseinwhichtheshareholdersofthecompanyhavetheoptiontobuythesharesofthemergedcompanyatareducedprice.Asthepotentialdilutionofownershipthroughthisdiscountedsaleofshares,anacquiringcompanywillbelesslikelytobuythecompany.
看待dividends的2種理論:Theresidualpart:earningsshouldberetainedandreinvestedaslongasprofitableprojectsareavailable.anactivepolicystrategy:theCOR.believesthatthepaymentofdividendsprovidesinformationonthecor.tothemarket.Therefore,thecor.willbeverycarefulandspecificwiththeamountthattheypayasdividendseachperiod.115.traderights-onfor50,???rights-onV=(50-40)/(4+1)Q:4.currentlyyielding5%??12.理解?21
22.besteffortsissue:??只有個這個,公司才能賣出五擔(dān)保的債券25.couponrate?
31.equityasthedebt-to-equityrationincrease?40.解釋下
57,commonstockor權(quán)益50%?是我對題目理解有誤還是?76
85回購的不一般是普通股嗎
96,ex-rightrights-on含股權(quán)的價格?124?whysayso?
RISK:
有效組合portfolioisdefinedasonethatisinthefeasiblesetofportfoliosandeitheroffersthehighestpossibleexpectedreturnforagivenlevelofriskoroffersthelowestpossibleriskforagivenlevelofexpectedreturn.抵消既定風(fēng)險下的高收益或既定期望收益下的低風(fēng)險。
Thecoefficientofvariationis=standarddeviation/rateofreturn較高者風(fēng)險大
期貨Future:Thelongpartyofafuturecontractistobuytheunderlyingassetasaprotectionagainstapossibleincreasingpriceoftheactualfinancialinstrument.Buyersandsellersdon"tusuallytakedeliverytheunderlyingasset.Theyoffsettheirpositionsbythedeliverydate.
遠(yuǎn)期Forward:aforwardcontractissettledatmaturitybythesaleandpurchaseofthecommodityorotherasset.由原來的雙方完成交易。
Expectedriskpremium=bate*(Rm-Rf)風(fēng)險溢價SML的斜率是RM-RF,beta是X.7,11,25,54
Bate系數(shù):measureshowsensitivethestock"sreturnistochangesinthemarket’sreturn;istheslopeoftheregressionlinethatrelatesthereturnofanindividualsecuritytothereturnofitsbenchmarkindex;isusedtomeasureastock"smarketrisk.負(fù)的BATE意味著證券的price與市場反方向運動
APT計算expectedreturn.公式!=a+kb1+kb2+kb3(bateand)
久期:28.61.在債券分析中,久期已經(jīng)超越了時間的概念,投資者更多地把它用來衡量債券價格變動對利率變化的敏感度,并且經(jīng)過一定的修正,以使其能精確地量化利率變動給債券價格造成的影響。修正久期越大,債券價格對收益率的變動就越敏感,收益率上升所引起的債券價格下降幅度就越大,而收益率下降所引起的債券價格上升幅度也越大?梢,同等要素條件下,修正久期小的債券比修正久期大的債券抗利率上升風(fēng)險能力強,但抗利率下降風(fēng)險能力較弱。修正久期ModifiedDuration:=久期/(1+原利率)=2.67意味著,利率每增加1%,債券價格借下降2.67。面值1000的債券價格成為=1000*(1-2.67%)計算價格不是valuebonds
55.用資本成本公式D1/P0+G=requiredrateofreturn
CAPM中requiredrateofreturn=RF+BETA(RM-RF)RM=expectedreturntothemarket
期權(quán)option:26.Atthetimetheoptionwaswritten,ithadnotheoreticalvalue.(如,此時說執(zhí)行價格是¥40,高于現(xiàn)在市場價格¥34,當(dāng)實際執(zhí)行時價格是¥42),此時value是2???29.Marketvalueofanoption=intrinsicvalue+itstimevalue
intrinsicvalueistheamountbywhichit"s"inthemoney",時間越長,價值越大。There"smoretimeforafavorablepricefluctuationtotakeplaceintheunderlyingstock,it’stheoption"stimevalue.Thetimevalueistheportionofanoption"spremiumthatisinexcessoftheoption"sintrinsicvalue.Onitsmaturitydate,there’snoneedtodoanythingtocloseitout.
Exitanoptionposition:offset,toreversetheoriginaltransaction;beexercised;beallowedtoexpireontheexpirationdate.
Value-at-riskmodelindicatestheMAXlossoveragiventimeperiodsuchthatthereisalowprobability(1%),thattheactuallossoverthegivenperiodwillbelarger.意味著100天中,有1、2天可能會損失錢。
正態(tài)分布:51,38.theexpectedannualreturnis定點的概率。10,33,38,51
SWAP:2個團(tuán)體交換interestpayments,主要目的是matchthecharacteristicsofthefirm"srevenuestreamwiththecharacteristicsofitspaymentstream.
Costofretainedearning即是requiredrateofreturn,本應(yīng)用于股利增長模型中,作為增長后了的期望報酬率,即C=(D0*(1+X)/P0)+X
Q.7,為什么說被市場低估?
8.?為什么只有20,VS.22VS.31VS39
S-D
安全邊際是指銷售量。Thedifferencebetweenbudgetedsalesandbreakevensales.
WhenusedinCVPanalysis,sensitivityanalysisisdonethroughvariouspossiblescenariosandcomputestheimpactonprofitofvariouspredictionsoffutureevents.改變投入來衡量對產(chǎn)出利潤的影響。
Incremental(differential)costareadditionalcoststhatresultwhenproduction,orsomeotherfactorisincreased.即selectingonechoiceinsteadofanother.
---considersallvariableandfixedcostsastheychangewitheachdecisionalternative.隨著改變。
價格下降對CM的影響更大
Thecontribution=operatingincome=Revenue-VC-fixedcostscontrollablebyothers-fixedcostscontrollablebydivisionmanagers.
Thestepsintheproblem-solvingprocessare1.Identifytheproblem2.generatealternativesolutions3.Selectasolution4.Implementandevaluatetheselectedsolution.
Seasonaldiscountaregoodmethodbymfgtosmooththeproductioncycle.
Thetermincrementalcost:thedifferentintotalcoststhatresultsfromselectingonechoiceinsteadofanother.35.
SE22.關(guān)于這個disposaltransaction的現(xiàn)金流凈稅后數(shù)額。20的節(jié)稅是在年底,因此要按1年折現(xiàn)。23.interestexpense是financingofacapitalinvestment是一個不同的過程fromthecapitalbudgetingcashflowanalysis.
29.PI=NCFinflow/initialcashinvestment大于1說明NPV為正PIisusedtoevaluateallpossiblecapitalprojectsofdifferentdollaramountsandthenrankthemaccordingtotheirdesirability.
合理的折現(xiàn)率計算NPV=risk-freerate
NPV方法分析假設(shè)項目reinvestedattherequiredrateofreturn.IRRwouldtendtobeincreased若公司從直線法轉(zhuǎn)為用加速折舊法
IRR與hurdlerate(requiredrateofreturn)一起決定項目,若他們相等,純粹巧合IRR可能與NPV出現(xiàn)分歧:當(dāng)項目周期、大小不同時,NPV&IRR會出現(xiàn)分歧IRR小于costofcapital也可以接受。
手上有怕跌的資產(chǎn),買入個putoption-賣出合約calloption-買入
accountingrateofreturnonaninvestment(usingtheaverageinvestmentamount)=(after-taxincome/年數(shù))/(初始投資/2)
Costofcapital:是theweighted-averagecostofitsvariousfinancingcomponents;包括了timevalue,tax的計算,costofequity是他的一部分。
Breakeventime=thepoint折現(xiàn)的累計cashinflows=discountedtotaloutflow
Bailoutpaybackmethodrecognizesthepossibilitythataprojectmaybeendedprematurelyandtheequipmentsold,measurestheriskifaprojectisterminated.
Sensitivityanalysiscanbeusedincapitalbudgetingtodeterminehowcashflowscanbeexpectedtovarywithchangesintheunderlyingassumption.It’sa"what-if"techniquethataskshowagivenoutcomewillchangeiftheoriginalestimatesofthecapitalbudgetingmodelarechanged.
69.Theinvestmenttaxcreditisnolongerafactorininvestmentdecisions.1986taxreformact.???
Taxableincomeisadjustedtoarriveatalternativemintaxableincome:gainsorlossesfromlong-termcontracts,gainsoninstallmentsalesofrealproperty,miningexplorationanddevelopmentcosts,charitablecontributionsofappreciatedproperty,accelerateddepreciation,theaccumulatedcurrentearningsadjustmentandtax-exemptinterestonprivateactivitybondsissuedafter1986.8.7.37(不是要求算newasset嗎?)
Requiredrateofreturniscalledcutoffrate,discountrateorcostofcapital
Q:.59(按答案意思應(yīng)該是A。)70.
105.MACRS與200%declining-balance相似??在不同利率水平下的債券價格,長期債券的價格對利率的變化更敏感。TIPS:預(yù)付通脹政府債券treasuryinflation-protectedsecurities.
Defaultpremium=同樣期限和票面利率的公司債券-政府債券的承諾收益差。一物一價法制lawofoneprice
PurchasingpowerparityPPP購買力平價。不同國家的基本生活成本應(yīng)該是相同的,即倆個國家的通脹率差異不會影響他們相對的生活成本,即二貨幣間的匯率變化將彌補亮國家的通脹率差異。國際Fisher效應(yīng):若各國間的預(yù)計實際利率相同,則各國間名義利率的差異反映了預(yù)計通貨膨脹率的不同。InternationalFisherEffect利率高的國家,通脹率也高。(現(xiàn)象,not因果關(guān)系。)
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