120通信調度的現狀和展望

120通信調度的現狀和展望

江蘇省醫(yī)院協(xié)會急救醫(yī)療中心（站）分會通信調度專業(yè)組

通信調度作為急救中心實施院前急救的三大部門之一，不僅要受理日常120電話、調度急救單元，還要負責完成與110應急聯動、發(fā)布領導命令、監(jiān)控急救過程等諸多任務，長期以來，這種責任重節(jié)奏快壓力大的工作性質，對調度員身心健康有較大的影響。今天，我們收集了省內12家地市級急救中心通信調度方面資料，匯總后提交本次會議。

人才篇

目前，全省12個地級市急救中心共有調度人員110名，其中男41女69；35歲以下79名，35歲以上31名；大專以上學歷78名，占71.8%;在已知的82人中，具有醫(yī)療相關學歷44名，占53.7%，其他為計算機相關學歷20名，管理相關學歷11名，會計5名。各中心具體情況見下圖。

各中心調度人員平均年齡學歷分布圖5045403532.833.63025201*1050833930103693100097034.33125.430.229.731.127.446.640.232.9平均年齡大專以上醫(yī)療計算機733670631623321741南京無錫常州鎮(zhèn)江南通揚州泰州鹽城淮安宿遷徐州連云港

“思賢若渴，唯才是舉”，急救事業(yè)要發(fā)展，必須重視人才建設。在以青年為主的調度群體中，58.1%（64/110）是擁有醫(yī)療或計算機學歷的人才，他（她）們中包含120通信方面的專家、急救調度標兵且年齡多在35歲以下，是調度事業(yè)發(fā)展的人才基石，迫切需要各地各級領導關心培養(yǎng)和幫助。但我們也發(fā)現①調度人員學歷成份復雜多樣,不但有醫(yī)療計算機和管理類還有學工程及高中畢業(yè)，好像什么樣的人都可以做，從業(yè)人員沒有統(tǒng)一的準入標準造成人員思維特征社會能力參差不齊嚴重制約了事業(yè)的發(fā)展，望各地能像醫(yī)師駕駛一樣盡早制定一套從業(yè)人員準入門檻；②近1/2還沒有進入本單位事業(yè)編制，有些單位調度崗位一個也沒有正式工，試想一下讓臨時工單獨指揮調度萬一有重大失誤誰來承擔責任？我們建議在編制緊張的情況下，至少每班次安排一名正式工作為組長全面負責本班工作；③我們匯總了各地調度的考核和收入（見下表），發(fā)現待遇普遍比醫(yī)生駕駛員低，有些甚至接近當地城市最低工資標準，這成為留住人才最大障礙，望各單位能讓我們的收入向醫(yī)駕看齊；④如前述因為準入門檻低，調度就成為各種關系戶人員最多的崗位，有的只是一時找不到工作來過渡一下，這就為管理和人才培養(yǎng)埋下隱患。

城市南京無錫常州鎮(zhèn)江南通揚州泰州鹽城淮安宿遷徐州連云港考核收入方法平均獎金月固定工資+有效調度數*1+年限工資工資+獎金+中夜班費+有效電話的提成固定工資和平均獎金工資+按120接通率計算出的獎金底薪+提成工資加獎金工資+績效（系數0.5）+成功調度1元/趟人事部門審核固定工資基本工資+績效工資平均獎的75%收入均數150015001500100010001500310019001201*5001650201*調度篇

調度工作從專業(yè)層面上看常態(tài)下是120指揮中心，非常態(tài)下是緊急醫(yī)療救援指揮中心；從應用層面上看承擔120受理、指揮調度、協(xié)調合作、信息匯集、通訊聯絡、監(jiān)測預警職責；從技術層面上看是信息平臺、指揮平臺、通訊平臺和管理平臺。這樣重要的工作職責就對調度自身提出了很高的要求，但我們通過調查發(fā)現作為社會一份子的他（她）們卻承受了外界難以理解的壓力。這里選取各中心調度人均工作量（見下圖），對比發(fā)現南京無錫常州淮安徐州的各班次人均要接100次以上急救電話，派15次以上車，工作量比其他市大；抽樣調查發(fā)現80%對現在工作滿意并想長期從事該工作，92%的認為調度工作應該在急救鏈中處于中樞、龍頭角色；領導對調度工作的關心程度，卻有72%回答口頭上重視或不重視；100%對騷擾電話習以為常，精神壓力勝過體力勞累；對來自領導的壓力、一線出救人員的刁難感到困惑；對自己的付出和收入不成正比感到無奈。

各中心調度人均工作量1801601401201*0806040201*323010無錫160130157125110705530146常州75868060756.5鎮(zhèn)江115南通102.5揚州2042泰州136.5鹽城201*.5淮安17.51557.5連云港南京宿遷徐州人均接聽量人均派車數人均接騷擾電話數綜上所述，調度工作存在以下熱點難點問題：

（1）調度派車原則不明確，有些縣級120不堅持屬地急救轉送的原則，強調病人到上級醫(yī)院堅持要上級120派車的錯誤做法，這樣不僅耽誤時間又浪費上級120資源,建議全省制度一套統(tǒng)一的派車標準。

（2）領導要重視調度工作體諒調度的難處，構建和諧的調醫(yī)駕關系。調度和醫(yī)駕在急救中處于指揮和被指揮關系，工作中我們時常會夾在病人和醫(yī)駕人員之間兩頭受氣，病人把緊張無助失控等不良情緒甚至是惡意，發(fā)泄到120調度身上，醫(yī)駕人員把在急救現場的困難疲勞委屈等負面情緒也轉嫁到調度人員上，因此，常常出現不聽指揮或派而不動，不匯報領導要批評，匯報后又說是打小報告。有些市出救的駕駛員醫(yī)生對外傷車禍獨有情中，怕調度派錯影響了自己利益，就處處盯著我們有錯就匯報，關系就比較僵化了。（3）調度值班人數少（見下圖），工作時間長，很少有時間學習充電，加上各市每年新建的道路新村又多，時間久就落伍了，呼吁按120電話平均日受理數量≥300次值班席位2人，300-600次3人，600-1000次4人的標準設置值班人數，多給他（她）們留些學習和自我減壓的時間，減輕個人勞動強度。

值班人數連云港,9徐州,7宿遷,8淮安,6鹽城,7泰州,4揚州,8南京,15無錫,9常州,10南通,7鎮(zhèn)江,8

（4）重視調度工作的法律問題和個人的心理健康。

系統(tǒng)篇

03年非典后各中心相繼投入重資建成了120指揮調度系統(tǒng)，其主要包括有線通訊，無線通訊，地理信息（GIS），衛(wèi)星定位（GPS），數字錄音，計算機輔助指揮調度等子系統(tǒng)，實現了120電話交換機從機電式向程控式轉變、人工受理人工通知向計算機輔助指揮調度轉變、單純接警派車向全程指揮監(jiān)控相關單位應急聯動轉變。

作為單筆投入最多的信息化工程，從建設之初起就寄托了全120人的殷切希望，但建成投入使用后發(fā)現該系統(tǒng)存在很多不足，這種理想和現實的差距一度讓人們產生了困惑的心理，具體的管理和實施者也就承受了巨大壓力。所以，前期的調查中我們發(fā)現大家談論最多的就是120指揮調度系統(tǒng)的建設和維護，今列出幾個最關注問題論述如下：

（1）一把手負責，財務醫(yī)務車管后勤等部門全力配合。古往今來，指揮體系都是最高領導親手建設，這不僅能體現上級領導意志還可保證政令通暢。作為平戰(zhàn)結合的120指揮系統(tǒng)建設和維護必須要單位一把手親自管親自抓，從政治的高度出發(fā)，高瞻遠矚，實現指揮系統(tǒng)與管理之間的互動。

（2）多方籌措，保證資金充裕。根據單位財力發(fā)展適合本市規(guī)模的系統(tǒng)，現今社會沒有錢一紙空談，必須爭取當地財政局、衛(wèi)生局、信息辦的關心支持，多方籌措，循序漸進逐步完善和更新我們的軟硬件設備，但不要希望通過一次性的系統(tǒng)開發(fā)或產品的購買解決全部問題。

（3）本地化支撐體系建設，著名廠商指揮系統(tǒng)建設。按照我們的理解信息化是項體系工程，不只是局限在買設備、建網絡、按照用戶的要求進行程序開發(fā)的層面上來解決問題，只有在有效的支撐體系的保障下，展開包括120指揮系統(tǒng)、辦公自動化系統(tǒng)（OA）在內的各項應用建設�；仡櫢骷医ㄔO的經驗，依據國家標準支撐體系包括基礎環(huán)境、機房強電及UPS、綜合布線、空調、氣體消防、防雷等，這些必須要本地化公司承建，甚至連基礎網絡工程也可選擇本地公司，否則維護（修）很困難。120指揮系統(tǒng)應集中在北京安克、深圳中興和深圳天維爾等國內著名且有十例以上成功案例的120系統(tǒng)建設廠商中選擇。

（4）維護。按照財政有關要求每年要安排建設總額的5-10%運行維護資金，其中不包含網絡租賃和設備更新。各家反映維護較多的是車載系統(tǒng)性能不穩(wěn)定維修不及時、地理信息更新慢、數據統(tǒng)計受理指揮軟件設計不合理很多模塊并不能使用（中興）、地圖臺信息與車載地理信息不吻合（安克）、數據庫設計不合理與急救醫(yī)學結合少、維護人員少，平均故障修復時間長都在3-10天，因此我們要有講政治，懂業(yè)務，有水平，能吃苦的指揮通信網絡系統(tǒng)方面的專業(yè)工程師對120的軟件硬件進行維護和應急維修服務。

（5）為了保持指揮系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和工作的連續(xù)性我們引進應急管理理念，設置兩個服務器、兩條通訊線、兩條通路、兩個交換機、兩個路由器、兩個布線系統(tǒng)等，甚至連電源都是雙份兒的。這些設備集成起來構成一個高速、安全、可靠的內部網，只要有一個好的，就能保證接通，兩條腿走路。具體為①依靠網絡文本傳輸指揮和依靠對講機-中繼臺的無線通訊技術的語音指揮，雙套并用，必須強調數字無線集群呼叫在應急通信中的不可替代的優(yōu)勢；②兩條七號信令鏈路熱備，語音交換機主控設備雙備份；③機房主備電源；④核心交換機、路由器雙備份；⑤數據庫、錄音系統(tǒng)熱備。

（6）二次升級。任何系統(tǒng)、設備的工作都一個生命周期，服務器網絡設備交換機一般4-5年、UPS電池3年，基礎環(huán)境5-6年，因此很多中心都將面臨系統(tǒng)的升級改造。根據我們的理解升級應該考慮如下方面①在保持原有通信指揮功能的同時增加急救醫(yī)學單元、OA、醫(yī)院信息共享功能；②引入3G視頻通話手機上網功能，實現視頻監(jiān)護資料的雙向傳輸；③發(fā)展800兆無線集群通信；④建設B類標準支撐體系。

展望篇

調度人員都應是醫(yī)學院畢業(yè)的大專以上的醫(yī)生，每班保證有一個可以用英語對話的調度人員，有一個副高以上的主任醫(yī)師指導急救、分析優(yōu)先派車級別，有一個計算機維護人員處理日常系統(tǒng)故障，同時領導應輪流直接帶班，協(xié)調各種關系。

依照120接聽量、派車量合理設置值班席位，每班至少保證雙人雙崗，編制調度人員職稱序列提高人員待遇，定期心理輔導疏導精神壓力。樹立“我們寧可派錯100次，也不能錯過1個病人，和老百姓的生命相比，多派一次多跑一趟路又算得了什么�！钡姆�務觀念。

加強120指揮系統(tǒng)功能，為調度工作提供更大的技術支撐。博采安克公司指揮調度軟件研發(fā)、中興公司交換機和車載硬件生產、天維爾公司應急指揮系統(tǒng)集成之優(yōu)勢，進行二次升級系統(tǒng)，每輛救護車上增加電子地圖導航、電子醫(yī)療病歷實時輸入、急救難點查詢、視頻和心電監(jiān)護儀參數傳輸進行遠程急救協(xié)助等功能的車載數據處理中心；除了和省、區(qū)縣120分中心之間已建立的數據聯系外，也和各個醫(yī)院實現在線數據交換，指揮中心就可以了解各家醫(yī)院每天實時的床位情況和�？平釉\能力，在病人被送往醫(yī)院過程中，就可以和醫(yī)院將傷病員病情銜接好，使病人能直接進入�？漆t(yī)院接受專業(yè)的治療，如果病人現場已經接受過處理，就可以直接送往科室接受�？浦委�，這種無縫隙銜接可以簡化程序，理順流程，實現真正意義上的指揮、急救和管理的融合。

我國的城市應急聯動多數是以110為基礎的，而120系統(tǒng)的特殊醫(yī)療業(yè)務使三網合一很難真正融合。因此，我們調度希望交巡警提供實時路況信息、派出所提供報警人的住址路線信息等服務內容盡快實現真正意義的“急救信息資源共享”，支持120自身的院前急救水平、管理水平和信息化程度得到明顯的提高和發(fā)展。

調研中一位調度發(fā)到我郵箱中的一段話，很有代表性：“作為一名普通的調度員，我不求做什么大事，只是24小時守著120，與電話為伴，不管電話那頭是真呼救還是騷擾，我都認真拿起話機，深夜困了也只伏案休息，想想家中熟睡的女兒心中總有種愧疚，等女兒大了會理解媽媽的堅守是換回更多人的生命�！�----她（他）是群可敬可愛的人。

擴展閱讀：國家概況 120

國家概況類120

1.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedbythe______ContinentalCongressonJuly4,______.

A.First…..1774B.First….1776C.Second…..1774D.Second….17762.ThelargestlakeinBritainis______.

A.LochLomondB.theLoughNeaghC.Windermere

D.Ullswater

3.TheoriginoftheAmericanpartysystemcanbetracedto______.

A.thestrugglebetweentheRoyalistsandrevolutionariesintheWarofIndependenceB.theconstitutionaldebatebetweentheFederalistsandtheanti-Federalists

C.thestrugglebetweenthosewhoupheldslaveryandthosewhoopposedslaveryD.thestrugglebetweentheelectionofPresident

4.TheHundredYears"WarwithFrancewasfought_____.A.from1327to1453B.from1337to1453C.from1347to1453D.from1357to14535.ThesecondlargeststateoftheUnitedSlatesis______.

A.TexasB.AlaskaC.CaliforniaD.Hawaii6.Americanpresidentsareelected______.

A.everytwoyearsB.everyfouryearsC.everyfiveyears

D.everysixyears

7.Australiaistheworld"slargestexporterof______.

A.wheatB.dailyproductsC.meatD.wool

8.BritainisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthe______andtheNorthSeaintheeast.

A.eastB.southC.westD.north

9.WhichofthefollowingStatementsisNOTtrueaboutthePrimeMinisterinBritain?A.HeisappointedbytheQueen.

B.HeisMinisterfortheCivilService.C.HesitsintheHouseofCommons.D.Hereceives88,292ayear.

10.ThefirstEuropeandiscovererofCanadawasfrom______.A.BritainB.SpainC.FranceD.Portugal

11.InAmericathejudicialisheadedby______

A.thePresidentB.CongressC.theSupremecourtD.theSecretaryGeneral12.TheEnglishParliamentisoriginatedfrom______.

A.ModelParliamentC.GreatCouncil

B.AllEstatesParliamentD.LongParliament

13.Theworld"slargestfreshwaterlakeisLake______.

A.SuperiorB.OntarioC.VictoriaD.Michigan

14.TheBritishpeoplehold______asthefestivaltorememberthepeoplewhodiedinthetwoWorldWars.

A.EasterMondayB.ArmisticeDayC.GuyFawkesDayD.BoxingDay

15.The1920"sintheUnitedStateshasbeendescribedasaperiodof______.

A.culturerevivalB.lossofpurpose

C.developmentofscienceandtechnologyD.materialsuccessandspiritualfrustration

16.accordingtotheEnglishlaw,nopersoncangetmarriedbelowtheageof______.A.16B.18C.20D.2117HowmanystateswereneededtoratifytheConstitution?A.8.B.9.C.12.D.13,18.TheCapitalofAustraliais______.

A.SydneyB.MelbourneC.CanberraD.Queensland19.TheScotsmennowspeak______.

A.EnglishB.Scottish

C.GaelicD.alloftheabove20.AmongthemosttypicalEnglishsports,havingbeenin.is_____.

A.rugbyB.soccerC.cricketD.boxing

21.TheearliestinstitutionofhigherlearningsetupinAmericawas_______.A.CaliforniaUniversityB.YaleUniversityC.HarvardCollegeD.ChicagoUniversity22.WhichofthefollowingtribesfirstcametoBritain

A.Anglos.B.Saxon.C.Jutes,D.Kent.23.OntheislandofGreatBritain,thereare______.

A.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland.WalesandNorthernIrelandB.fourpoliticaldivisions-England,Scotland,WalesandIrelandC.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandWales

D.threepoliticaldivisions-England,ScotlandandNorthernIreland

24.ThethemeofThanksgivinghasalwaysbeen____.

A.friendshipandhappinessB.peaceandplenty

C.cooperationandrichrewardD.loveandhappiness

25.InBritainonlyabout______ofthepopulationarefarmersbuttheymanage70%ofthelandarea.

A.2%B.3%,

C.4%D.5%

26.TheToriesweretheforerunnersof_____,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.A.theLaborPartyB.theLiberalParty

C.theSocialDemocraticPartyD.theConservativeParty27.TheGrandCanyoninnorth-western___isoneofnature’smostimpressivesights.A.UtahB.Arizona.C.NevadaD.Idaho

28.TheBillofRightsisthetermusedfor_______totheConstitutionoftheunitedStates.A.thefirsttenamendmentsB.thelastfiveamendmentsC.thetenthamendmentD.themostimportantamendment29.The"basics"taughtintheAmericanelementaryschoolsare______.A.socialstudies,arithmeticandreadingB.science,reading,writingandarithmeticC.reading,writingandarithmetic

D.physicaleducation,readingandwriting30.I"helongestriverinCanadais______.

A.theMackenzieB.theSt.LawrenceC.theSevernD.theYukon

31.TheNormanConquestof______isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.

A.1063B.1064C.1065

D.1066

32.The"BigStick"PolicywasadvancedbyPresident______.

A.FranklinRooseveltB.TheodoreRooseveltC.WilliamMcKinley

D.ThomasWoodrowWilson

33.ThesmalleststateoftheUnitedStatesis______.

A.RhodeIslandB.MaineC.TexasD.Alaska

34.TheCommonwealthofNationsisanassociationofindependentcountriesandother

politicalunits______.

A.thathavelivedundertheBritishlawandgovernmentB.thathavealargenumberofBritishimmigrantsC.thathavecloserelationswithBritain

D.thathavefoughtonthesideofBritaininthetwoworldwars35.EachofthefiftystatesoftheU.S.A.elects______senators.

A.10

B.4

C.3D.2

36.ThefirstimperialistwartookplacebetweentheU.S.A.and______in1898.

A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

37.Bytradition.theleaderofthemajoritypartyisappointed______bytheSovereignintheUnitedKingdom.

A.PrimeMinisterB.MemberofParliamentC.LordofAppealD.SpeakeroftheHouse38.TheEnglishCivilWarisalsocalled______.

A.thePuritanRevolution

B.thesecondMagnaCarta

C.theLongParliamentD.theAnglicanWar

39.Australiahasalwaysbeenacontinentwithfewpeoplemainlybecause_______.A.AustraliaistoofarawayfromEurope

B.Australiaistheleastmountainousandmostleveloftheworld’scontinentsC.AustraliaisseparatedfromtherestoftheworldbyseasD.Mostofthecontinentishotanddry

40.IntheUnitedKingdom,policeofficer""arenotallowedtojoin_____orgoonstrike.A.atradeunionB.achoirC.apoliticalpartyD.aclub

41.WhenwasthereferendumonQuebec’sfuturestatusheldinCanada?A.1994.B.1995C.1996.

D.1997

42.ThegoalofRoosevelt"sNewDealwas_______.A.tosavetheAmericaneconomicandpoliticalsystemB.tochangetheAmericaneconomicsystemC.toweakenmonopolyinterestsinAmerica

D.tonationalizebanksandfinancialinstitutionsinAmerica

43.London"sMetropolitanPoliceForceisdirectlyunderthecontrolof_______.A.theLordChancellorB.theHomeSecretaryC.theAttorneyGeneralD.thePrimeMinister

44.Inarea,theUnitedStalesisthe______largestcountryintheworldA.2nd.B.3rdC.4thD.5th

45.TheBlackDeath,whichravagedEnglandin13481849,carriedoff_______.A.threefourthsofthepopulationB.onefourthofthepopulation.C.onefifthofthepopulationD.onehalfofthepopulation46.WhatisthemostimportanteconomicactivityinCanada?A.Manufacturing.B.FarmingC.Mining.D.forestry47.TheBackboneofNorthAmericareferstothe______.A.AppalachianMountainsB.RockyMountainsC.CascadeMountainsD.SierraNevadaMountains

48.ApartfromabreakduringtheSecondWorldWar,theBBChasbeenprovidingregulartelevisionbroadcastssince_______.

A.1935B.1936C.1937D.193849.Inthe1960spopmusicunderwentarevolutionwhen______becameworldfamousandturnedtheirhometownofLiverpoolintoaplaceofpilgrimage.A.theBeachBoysB.theRollingStoneC.theAnimalsD.theBeatles50.TheprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependencewas______.A.BenjaminFranklinB.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJeffersonD.JohnAdams51.WhoischieflyresponsibleforeducationintheUS?A.Thefederalgovernment.B.Thestategovernment.C.Thecountygovernment.D.Thelocalgovernment.52.ThenationalcenterofthepressinBritainis_____.A.TheFleetStreetB.Speaker"sCornerC.GreatRussellStreetD.Whitehall53.ThelongestriverinBritainisthe______.A.SevernC.Clyde

B.ThamesD.Tees

54.ThefirstimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefrom______.A.EnglandandGermanyB.EnglandandIrelandC.EnglandandtheNetherlandsD.EnglandandSpain55.WhichdayisLincoln"sBirthday?

A.February12.C.July4.

B.February22.D.October12.

56.IntheUnitedKingdom,thepartywhichwinsthe______numberofseatsintheHouseofCommonsbecomestheofficialOpposition.

A.largestB.secondlargestC.thirdlargestA.toreceivefreesettlers

B.tosupplyBritainwithwoolandfoodC.toreceiveconvictsfromBritainD.toexpandtheBritishimperialpower

58.TheemblemoftheDemocraticPartyis______.A.elephantB.donkeyC.bearD.bull

59.TheMississippi,whichissometimescalled______,hasplayedavitalroleinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.A."OldManRiver"

D.fourthlargest

57.AtfirstAustraliawassettledbytheBritishasacolonyfounded______.

B."MoonRiver"

C."OldFatherRiver"D."MotheroftheUnitedStates"

60.Thelastoneofthe13colonieswas______,whichwasestablishedin1733.A.NorthCarolinaB.SouthCarolinaC.GeorgiaD.Maryland61.Australiaislocatedbetween______andtheIndianOcean.A.theSouthPacificOceanB.theNorthSeaC.theAtlanticOceanD.theArctic62.Nearly______ofthelandinCanadahasnopermanentpopulation.A.68%B.79%C.89%D.98%

63.TheUnitedStateswentwarwith______in1812,thelastwarfoughtbetweenthetwocountries.

A.BritainC.Mexico

B.FranceD.Spain

64.TheCanadaCouncilmainlyconcernswith______.A.artsB.educationC.businessD.diplomacy

65.Ofallthesymbols,whichareconsideredtorepresentfertilityandnewlifeandaremostfrequentlyassociatedwithEaster?

A.Thepumpkinandtheturkey.B.Thelambandthebeef.C.Thespringpeasandthepotatoes.D.Theeggandtherabbit.66.Toitsfullsense,theBritishParliamentconsistsof______.A.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsB.theHouseandtheSenateC.theQueenandtheHouseofLords

D.theSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons

67.TheUnitedStateshaslessthan5%oftheworld"spopulation;yetitproducesabout______ofthetotalworldoutput.

A.20%B.25%C.30%D.35%68.WhichisNOTaBritishNewsAgency?

A,ReutersC.AFX

B.ThePressAssociationLtd.D.UnitedPressInternational

69.TheUSformerlyenteredtheSecondWorldWarin______.A.1937B.1939C".1941D.1943

70.WhenOliverCromwelldiedin1658,andwassucceededbyhisson,______,theregimebeganimmediatelytocollapse.

A.HenryB.HamiltonC.RichardD.Charles

71.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueabouttheNationalHealthService?

A.Itprovides(oreveryresidentafullrangeofmedicalservices.B.Itisadministeredbythelocalgovernment.

C.Itsemergencyambulancesareavailablefordoctors"urgentcalls.D.Ithassufferedfromunderfundinginrecentdecades.72.Thetenureofofficeoffederaljudgesis______.

A.4yearslongB.forlife

C.8yearslongD.5yearslong

73.InAmerica,thethreebiggestnewspapersareofthefollowingEXCEPT______.A.NewYorkTimesB.Reader"sDigestC.WashingtonPostD.LosAngelsTimes74..Naturalgaswasdiscoveredin______inBritain.A.EnglishChannelB.IrishSea

C.LakeNoahD.theNorthSea

75.ForelectoralpurposesBritainisdividedinto659constituencies,eachofwhichreturns______totheHouseofCommons.A.onemember

B.twomembers

C.threemembersD.fourmembers76.SearsTowerisin_______.

A.BostonB.NewYorkC.ChicagoD.LosAngeles77.ChristianityconsistsofthefollowingEXCEPT_____.A.CatholicismB.EastOrthodoxC.JewishChurchD.Protestantism

78.Thetypicalorganizationalpattern(orelementaryandsecondaryschoolsintheUnitedStatesisthatof______.

A.classifiedschoolsB.vocationalschoolsC.gradedschoolsD.publicschools79.Withregardtoitssize,Australiais______countryintheworld.A.thethirdlargestC.thefifthlargest

B.thefourthlargestD.thesixthlargest

80.ChinaandAmericaestablisheddiplomaticrelationsinJanuary______.A.1972B.1976C.1978D.197981.WhichofthefollowingsportswasNOTinventedinBritain?A.footballB.tennisC.archeryU.cricket82.IntheUnitedStates,thefirstlargestimmigrationmovementtookplace______.A.rightaftertheWarofIndependenceB.inthemid-1800sC.attheturnofthe20thcenturyD.rightaftertheCivilWar83.WheredothemajorityofpeopleinScotlandlive?A.intheHighlandsB.intheLowlandsC.intheUplandsD.inthewestofScotland

84.Rock-and-rollintheearly1960sintheUnitedStateswasmusicfor______.A.teenagersB.blackaudienceC.whiteadultaudienceD.peopleofallages

85.ThankstothefeministmovementinBritain,votesweregrantedtowomenovertheageof______in1918.

A.18B.20C.30D.3586.Thefinancial,manufacturingandtransportationcenteroftheUnitedStatesis______.A.NewYorkB.WashingtonD.C.C.PhiladelphiaD.Chicago87.InBritain,childrenfromtheageof5to16______.A.canlegallyreceivepartlyfreeeducationB.canlegallyreceivecompletelyfreeeducationC.cannotreceivefreeeducationatall

D.cannotreceivefreeeducationiftheirparentsarerich

88.IntheU.S.,ConstitutionalAmendmentcangointoeffectafteritisapprovedby_____.A.atwo-thirdsvoteofbothhousesB.three-fourthsofthestatesC.two-thirdsofthestatesD.halfofthestates

89.ThetwofamousleadersofblackmovementsintheU.S.inthe60swere___A.DouglasandGarrisonB.DouglasandMartinLutherKingC.MartinLutherKingandMalcolmXD.MalcolmXandGarrison90.WheredoestheEnglishPrimeMinisterlive?A.WallStreet.C.FleetStreet.A.inonly5or6statesalongtheAtlanticcoastB.intheSouth

C.instateswithalargepopulation

D.alongtheAtlanticandPacificcoasts

92.TheAuthorizedVersionoftheBible(publishedin1611)wasmadeby______command.A.EdwardIV"sB.JamesI"sC.ElizabethI"sD.HenryVIII"s93.WhatformsanaturalboundarybetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates?A.TheRioGrandeRiver.B.ThesouthernRockyMountains.C.TheColoradoRiver.D.TheGulfofCalifornia.94.UnderwhosereignwastheBillofRightspassed?A.JamesIIB.WilliamIIIC.OliverCromwell.D.GeorgeI.

95.TheGreatBarrierReefisincludedontheWorldHeritagelistbecauseithas______.A.themostbeautifulseascapeintheworldB.thegreatestnumberofislandsintheworld

8

B.DawningStreet.

D.TheBuckinghamPalace.

91.MostofthecollegesanduniversitiesintheU.S.arelocated______.

C.themostdiverseandcomplexmarinelifeintheworldD.thelongestcoastintheworld

96.ThetwoveryimportantcropsinBritainare______.A.barleyandcornB.wheatandriceC.barleyandoatsD.wheatandbarley97.Canadaisboundedonthewestby______.A.thePacificOceanC.theIndianOcean

B.theAtlanticOceanD.theArcticOcean

98.ThePacificnorthwestisfavoredwitha______climatelikethatofBritain.A.MediterraneanB.maritimeC.continentalD.subtropical99.ThefirstRepublicanPresidentwas______.A.GeorgeWashingtonC.ThomasJefferson100.Edinburghisthecapitalof______.

A.EnglandC.Wales

B.AbrahamLincolnD.AndrewJacksonB.Scotland

D.NorthernIreland

101.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaqualitypaper?

A.TheTelegraph.B.TheNewsoftheWorld.C.TheGuardian.D.TheObserver.102.Whichcivilairlinewasstartedin1924aftertheFirstWorldWar?

A.ImperialAirways.B.BritishAirways.C.Hawker-SiddeleyAviation.D.theBritishAircraftCorporation.103.WhenthepresidentoftheU.S.signsanactpassedbyCongressintolaw,itstillcan

becancelledif______.

A.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsB.theSupremeCourtdecidesthatitgoesagainstpreviouslawsC.thelowerfederalcourtdecidesitisunconstitutionalD.theSupremeCourtdecidesitisunconstitutional104.WhereisthebestagriculturallandinBritain?A.InthesoutheastofEngland.B.InthenortheastofEngland.C.InthesoutheastofScotland.D.InthenortheastofScotland.

105.ThefollowingarethefactorsthathavecontributedtothedevelopmentoftheU.S.

economyEXCEPT______.A.thevastspaceandresourcesofthelandB.theidealsoffreedomandeconomicopportunityC.Englishasitsnationallanguage

D.hardworkbythepeople

106.WhichbranchoftheAmericangovernmenthasthepoweroffinalinterpretationofthe

constitution?

A.TheSupremeCourt.B.ThePresident.C.TheHouse.D.TheSenate.

107.TheTowerofLondon,ahistoricalsight,locatedinthecentreofLondon,wasbuilt

by_______.

A.KingHaroldC.OliverCromwell108.TheUnitedStatesis______.

A.themostpopulouscountryintheworldB.thesecondmostpopulouscountryintheworldC.thethirdmostpopulouscountryintheworldD.thefourthmostpopulouscountryintheworld

109.TheRoyalNationalEisteddfodisa(n)______festivalofpoetry,musicandotherarts.A.EnglishC.Welsh

B.ScottishD.Irish

B.RobinHood

D.WilliamtheConqueror

110.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A.TheLouisianawastakenfromBritainasaresultoftheWarof1812.B.TheLouisianaTerritorywascededtotheUnitedStatesbyFrance.C.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromSpain.D.TheLouisianaTerritorywaspurchasedfromFrance.

111.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTparticularlyBritishChristmastradition?

A.EnjoyingthePantomime.

B.TheQueenbroadcastingherChristmasmessage.C.Enjoyingturkeyatdinner.D.ShoppingontheBoxingDay.

112.ThecultivatedlandintheU.S.makesup______ofthetotalland.

A.21%C.41%

B.31%D.51%

113.IfastudentwantstogotouniversityinBritain,hewilltaketheexaminationcalled

_______.

A.GeneralCertificateofEducation-AdvancedB.GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducationC.thecommonentranceexamination

D.GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications

114.WhichofthefollowingisNOTintheeastpartofU.S.A.?

A.Massachusetts.B.Maine.C.NorthCarolina.D.Louisiana.115.RichardNixonresignedin1974becauseof______.

A.theGreatDepression116.OnwhichdayisHalloweencelebrated?

A.5November.C.17March.

B.theBlackPowerMovement

C.theWatergateScandalD.hisIsolationpolicy

B.31October.D.25December.

117.InAustralia,April25thisknownas______.

A.AustraliaDayB.IndependenceDayC.AnzacDayD.ANZUS

118.AmongalltheAmericancities,______boaststhebiggestoverseasChinesecommunity

A.NewYork

B.Honolulu

C.SanFranciscoD.LosAngeles

119.WhichofthefollowingisNOTconsideredacharacteristicofLondon?

A.Theculturalcentre.B.ThebusinesscentreC.Thefinancialcentre.D.Thesportscentre120.Whereistheinternationaltennischampionshipsheld?

A.Wembley.B.Wimbledon.C.St.Andrews.D.Clapham.

KEY

1-10.DBBBA，BDBDC11-20.CCABD，ABCDC21-30.CACBA，DBACA31-40.DBAAD，CAADA4150.BDBCD，ABBDC51-60.BAACA，BCBAC61-70.ACAAD，DCDCC71-80.BBBDA，CCCDD81-90.CBBAC，ABBCB91-100.DBABC，DABBB101-110.BADAC，ADCCD111-120.CCADC，BCCDB

語言學120

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTTrue?

A.Languageisasystem.B.Languageissymbolic.C.Animalsalsohavelanguages.D.Languageisarbitrary.2.Awordisasymbolthat_______.

A.isusedbythesamespeechcommunityB.representssomethingelseintheworldC.isbothsimpleandcomplexinnatureD.showsdifferentideasindifferentsounds

3.Ofthefollowingsoundcombinations,only______ispermissibleaccordingtothe

sequentialrulesinEnglish.

A.kiblB.bkilC.ilkbD.ilbk

4.AmericanEnglishbeganwith______.

A.OldEnglishB.VictorianEnglishC.MiddleEnglishD.ElizabethanEnglish

5.ThesentencethathasaNPandaVPcanbeshownina______formula“S→NPVP”.

A.hierarchicalB.linearC.treediagramD.vertical6."Big"and"small"areapairof______opposites.

A.complementaryB.gradableC.completeD.converse

7.Predicationanalysisisawaytoanalyze______meaning.

A.phonemeB.wordC.phraseD.sentence

8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTafactorthatmayinfluencesecondlanguageacquisition?

A.Age.B.Sex.

C.Motivation.D.Personality.9.WhichpairofwordsisNOTaminimalpair?

A.cat/batB.put/butC.jig/pigD.sit/bit

10.AccordingtoSearle,thoseillocutionaryactswhosepointistocommitthespeakerto

somefuturecourseofactionarecalled______.

A.commisivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives

11.Iftwosoundsareincomplementarydistribution,theyare______ofthesamephoneme.

A.symbolsB.allophonesC.phonesD.signs

12.WhichbranchofstudycanNOTbeincludedinthescopeofLinguistics?

A.Syntax.B.Pragmatics.C.Phonetics.D.Anthropology.

13.Euphemismisatermof______origin.

A.LatinB.GreekC.ArabicC.Spainish14.Thedistinctionoflangueandparoleismadeby____A.HallB.SapirC.ChomskyD.Saussure

15.______areboundmorphemesbecausetheycannotbeusedasseparatewords.A.RootsB.StemsC.AffixesD.Compounds16.______isthestudyoftherelationshipbetweensymbolsandtheirinterpreter.A.SyntaxB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Sociolinguistics

17.______isthedefiningpropertiesofunitslikenouns(number.Gender,case,etc)andverbs(tense,aspect,voice,etc).

A.PartsofspeechC.Grammaticalcategories

B.WordclassesD.Functionsofwords

18.Thenoun"tear"andtheverb"tear"are______.A.homophonesB.homographsC.completehomonymsD.allophones19.InEnglish,theonlyglottalis______.A.[1]C.[k]

B.[h]D.[f]

20.Theterm______maybedefinedasawayofreferringtotheapproachwhichstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstages.A.synchroniclinguisticsC.diachroniclinguistics

B.comparativelinguistics

D.historicalcomparativelinguistics

21.Theuseofsexistlanguagereflectsa______attitude.

A.socialB.linguistic

C.traditionalD.alloftheabove22.______wasonceusedaslinguafrancaofdiplomacy.A.LatinB.ArabicC.FrenchD.Spanish

23.Somewordsinthebasicwordstockaresaidtobestablebecausethey______.

A.arecomplexwordsB.aretechnicalwords

C.refertothecommonestthingsinlifeD.denotethemostimportantconcepts

24.Anaffixcanbeaddedtocertaintypeof______toformanewword.A.infixB.affixC.stemD.word

25.Inasentence,whichofthefollowingisusuallyNOTstressed?

A.Nouns.B.Verbs.C.Personalpronouns.D.Adjectives.

26.Themaximof______requiresthataparticipant’scontributionberelevanttothe

conversation.

A.quantityB.qualityC.mannerD.relation27.Therelationshipbetween"meat"and"meet"is______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.polysemyD.homonymv28.Usually,suprasegmentalfeaturesinclude______,lengthandpitch.A.phonemeB.speechsoundC.syllables"D.stress29.Whatarethedualstructuresoflanguage?A.Soundsandletters.C.Lettersandmeaning.

B.Soundsandmeaning.D.Soundsandsymbols.

30.Wherearethevocalcords?

A.Inthemouth.B.Inthenasalcavity.C.Abovethetongue.D.Insidethelarynx.31.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutlanguageisNOTtrue?A.Languageisaspecialsocialphenomenon.B.languageissomearbitrarysymbols.

C.Thelanguagesystemisuniquetohumanbeings.D.Languageisyettobeunderstood.

32.______studiesthesoundsystemsinacertainlanguage.A.PhoneticsB.PhonologyC.SemanticsD.Syntax

33.______isthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.

A.RootB.AllomorphC.MorphemeD.Word

34.Aspeaker"sactualutteranceinChomsky"sterminologyiscalled

A,deepstructureB.linguisticuniversalsC.universalgrammarD.surfacestructure35.Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled______word.A.apolysemousB.asynonymousC.anabnormalD.amultiple

36.ThestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationA.generallinguisticsC.semantics37.Leechdividedmeaningsinto______types.A.4C.6

B.phonologyD.morphologyB.5D.7

38.BesidesFrenchwords,Englishalsoabsorbedasmanyas2,500wordsof______intheMiddleEnglishperiod.

A.DutchoriginC.Latinorigin

B.DanishoriginD.Greekorigin

39.Distinctivefeaturesareusedtodescribe______.A.phonesB.phonologyC.allophonesD.phonemes

40.TheEnglishword"untouchable"iscomposedof______morphemes.A.fourB.threeC.twoD.five

41.Theprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyputtingtheinitiallettersofseveralwords

togetheriscalled______.

A.compoundingB.clippingC.acronymyD.blending42.Chineselanguagebelongstothe______family.A.Indo-EuropeanB.Sino-TibetanC.Afro-AsiaticD.Caucasian

43.Thefounderofgenerallinguisticsis______.A.ChomskyB.HallidayC.BloomfieldD.Saussure

44.Modernlinguisticsfocusesonthepresent-daylanguage,anditwillbepossibletodescribelanguagefroma______perspective.A.sociologicalB.synchronicC.diachronicD.psychological45.Thefourmajormodesofsemanticchangeare______.A.extension,narrowing,elevationanddegradationB.extension,generalization,elevationanddegradationC.extension,narrowing,specializationanddegradationD.extension,elevation,ameliorationanddegradation46.Diphthongsarecharacterizedby______.

A.glidingB.voicingC.aspirationD.stress47.Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyis______.A.theinternalstructureB.morpheme

C.therulesbywhichwordsareformedD.word

48.Therelationbetween"food"and"bread"iscalled______.A.synonymyB.polysemyC.homonymyD.hyponymy49.Theconsonantsound[v]isdescribedas______.

A.voicelesslabiodentalfricativeB.voiceddentalfricativeC.voicedlabiodentalfricativeD.voicedaffricate

50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?

A.Pencilbox.B.Unreasonable.C.Deadline.D.Upstairs.51.Therelationofthetwoclausesinacoordinatesentenceis______.A.oneissubordinatetotheotherB.theyholdunequalstatus

C.theyarestructurallyequalpartsofthesentenceD.theyareincorporated

52.______dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandnon-linguisticworldofexperience.

A.SenseB.ReferenceC.Symbol

D.Thought

53.Thesentence"Ifireyou!"belongstothespeechactcategoryof______.A.expressivesB.directivesC.representativesD.declarations54.Generallinguisticsisthescientificstudyof______.A.languageofacertainindividualB.theEnglishlanguage

C.humanlanguagesingenera]

D.thesystemofaparticularlanguage

55.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin______.A.theplaceofarticulationB.theobstructionofairstreamsC.thepositionofthetongueD.theshapeofthelips56.Theprefix"ex-"asin"ex-wife"or"ex-president"wasborrowedintoEnglishfrom_______.A.LatinB.GreekC.FrenchD.Celtic57.Nasalsoundsareproducedwhenthesoftpalate______.A.isloweredB.israisedC.vibratesD.moves

58.______isconcernedwiththestudyoftheactualuseoflanguageincommunication.A.SociolinguisticsB.Semantics

C.PragmaticsD.Synchroniclinguistics59.Whereistheprimarystressofthewordphonology?A.pho.B.no.C.lo.D.gy.60.______referstotheutteranceofasentencewithdeterminatesenseandreference.A.LocutionaryactB.Illocutinaryact

C.PerlocutionaryactD.Speechact61.Whichofthefollowingwordsisbuiltbyback-formation?A.Smog.B.Fridge.C.Motel.D.Edit.62.WhatisthefullformofLAD?

A.Languageassociativedistrict.C.Languageassociativedevice.

B.Languageacquisitiondistrict.D.languageacquisitiondevice.

63.Thesemanticcomponentsoftheword"man"canbeexpressedas______.A.+animate,+human,+male,-adultB.+animate,+human,+male,+adultC.+animate,+human,-male,-adultD.+animate,+human,-male,+adult64.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout______words.A.30,000to40,000B.50,000to60,000C.70,000to80,000D.80,000to90,00065.Productivityisoneofthe______oflanguage.

A.distinctivefeaturesB.designfeaturesC.SuprasegmentalfeaturesD.pragmaticfeatures66.Whatisthecommonfeatureofthethreesounds:[d],[s],[n]?A.Voiceless.B.Voiced,C.Nasal.D.Alveolar.

67.WhichofthefollowingitemsisNOToneofthegrammaticalcategoriesofEnglish

pronouns?

A.Gender.B.Number.C.Case.D.Voice.68.Intheword"internationalism",whichpartistheroot?A.interB.nationC.alD.ism69.Thatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenlanguageandtherealworldistheviewof______concerningthestudyofmeaning.

A.namingtheory

B.conceptualist

C.contextualistD.behaviorist

70.Theword"pen"originallymeant"featherusedforwritingwithink".Nowitreferstoanydeviseusedforwritingwithink.Thisisanexampleof______.A.degradationofmeaningB.broadeningofmeaningC.narrowingofmeaningD.elevationofmeaning71.Theword"taxi"isformedthrough______.

A.backformationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation

72.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren"sdevelopmentoftheir______language.A.firstB.second

C.dialectalD.individualized

73.Thelefthemisphereofhumanbrainisresponsibleforthefunctionof______.A.languageandspeechB.calculation

C.analytic"reasoningandassociativethoughts

D.alloftheabove

74.BlackEnglishhadanumberof______distinctivefeaturesinitsphonological,mor

phologicalandsyntacticsystems.

A.rule-governedB.arbitraryC.unsystematicD.bothAandR75.______isnotapairofhomophones.

A.bean,beenB.beat,beetC.flea,fleeD.bow,bow

76.Ingeneral,languagecharacteristicsof______registerismoreoftenusedinthewritten

formthaninthespokenform.

A.informalB.formal

C.neutralD.alloftheabove77."Dimsum"isof______origin.

A.ScottishB.KoreanC.JapaneseD.Chinese

78.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanobviouscauseoflanguagechange?A.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.B.Thewayoflanguageteaching.

C.Thewayofchildren"slanguageacquisition.D.Economyofmemory.

79.Inanarrowersense,anindividualspeaker"sidiolectismadeupofsuchfactoras_______.

A.voicequalityandpitchB.pitchandrhythm

C.voiceandrhythmD.voice,pitchandrhythm80.Whenthesuffix______isaddedtoaverb,itchangesthisverbintoanadjective.A.-lessB.-nessC.-fullyD.-er81.Thefunctionofthesentence"Lovelyweather,isn"tit?"is______.A.informativeB.phaticC.performativeD.recreational

82.Oncethenotionof______wastakenintoconsideration,semanticsspilledinto

pragmatics.

A.meaningB.contextC.formD.content

83.WhichofthefollowingcriteriacanNOTbeusedtoclassifyvowels?A.Thepartofthetonguethatisheldhighest.B.Theopennessofthemouth.

C.Thevibrationofthevocalcords.D.Theshapeofthelips.

84.Thereare______maximsunderthecooperativeprinciple.A.2B.3C.4D.585.Children"slanguageacquisitionis______oflanguage.A.thememorizationofwords

B.chieflytheinternalizationofindividualsentencesC.primarilytheacquiringofthegrammaticalsystemD.generallyabunchofutterance

86."Buy"and"sell"formapairof______.A.conversivesB.gradableantonymsC.complementaryantonymsD.markedantonyms

87.Ifaphonemeissubstitutedforanotherinawordandthesubstitutionresultsinachangeofthewordmeaning,thetwophonemesaresaidtobe______.A.minimalpairB.minimalsetC.distinctivephonemesD.distinctivefeatures88.______isaphrasewhichcanonlybeunderstoodasaunit,notasasummationofthemeaningofeachconstituentword.

A.CollocationB."IdiomC.Semanticcomponent

D.Synonym

89.TheGreatVowelShiftoccurredattheendof______.A.OldEnglishperiodB.MiddleEnglishperiodC.ModemEnglishperiodD.Middleages

90.______isapairofcontraryantonyms.A.wild,tameB.nimble,lameC.cold,warmD.alive,dead

91.Whatkindoftoneisusedwhenastraightforwardmatter-of-factstatementisuttered?A.Therisingtone.B.Thefallingtone.C.Thefalling-risingtone.D.Theflattone.92.Thelanguageoffemalesisfeaturedby______.A.moreprestigiousformB.morepoliteandindirectlanguageC.morespecificcolortermsD.alloftheabove93.Themostimportantperiodforfirstlanguageacquisitionis______.A.adulthoodB.teenageperiodC.primaryschoolyearsD.pre-schoolyears

94.Thenumberofpidginspeakersintheworldis______.A.about6millionB.about12millionC.over12millionD.somewherebetween6-12million95.InEnglish-languagespeechcommunities,themostobvioustaboowordsarerelatedtoA.religion,sex,sexorgansB.religion,sex,excrementC.sex,sexorgans,excrementD.religion,sexorgans,excrement

96.Hallidayfocusesonthesocialaspectoflanguage,regardinglanguageasaformof_______.

A.knowingB.doingC.thinkingD.thinkinganddoing97.WhichofthefollowingEnglishsoundsisNOTbilabial?A.[b].B.[m].C.[p].D.[f].98.______canbeusedindependentlywithoutbeingcombinedwithothermorphemes.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.AffixesD.Roots99.Whichofthefollowingwordsisaderivationalone?

A.Blackboard.B.Sings.C.Astonishment.D.Boys.100.JohnAustinproposed______inthelate1950"s.A.SpeechActTheoryB.7typesofmeaningC.CooperativePrincipleD.Predicationanalysis101.Japaneseuses______writingsystem.

A.wordB.syllabicalphabetC.alphabeticD.syllabic102.The______varietyofdiglossiaisusedformoreformalorseriousmatter.A.formalB.informalC.highD.low103.Whichofthefollowingisavoicelessbilabialstop?A.[w].B.[m].C.[b].D.[p].104.______isNOTagrammaticalcategoryofEnglishverbs.A.TenseB.AspectC.VoiceD.Gender105.Allwordscontaina______.

A.rootB.boundmorphemeC.prefix

D.suffix

106.Ofthefollowingword-formationprocesses,______isthemostproductive.A.clippingB.blendingC.initialismD.derivation

107.ThemostwidespreadandfamiliarethnicvarietyoftheEnglishlanguageis______.

A.BritishEnglishB.AmericanEnglishC.BlackEnglishD.CanadianEnglish108.______isNOTincludedinLeech"sassociativemeaning.A.ConnotativemeaningB.SocialmeaningC.CollocativemeaningD.Thematicmeaning

109.______modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethespeechoftheoriginalword.

A.PrefixesC.Roots

B.SuffixesD.Affixes

110.Theword______isusuallyNOTusedbyBritishpeople.A."tube"B."pub"C."railroad"D."taxi"

111.Themaximofqualityrequires-.donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe______.A.falseB.true

C.indirectD.insufficient112.Canadaisawell-knownbilingualcountrywhereboth______areofficiallanguages.A.EnglishandSpanishB.EnglishandPortugueseC.EnglishandFrenchD.EnglishandRussian113.Linguistictabooreflects______.

A.socialtabooB.socialconventionC.habitD.law114.Whichofthefollowingwordsisafunctionalword?

A.Often.B.Nice.C.Desk.D.Although.

115.Bytheageof______,childrenhavecompletedthegreaterpartofthelanguage

acquisitionprocess.

A.5B.6C.4D.3116.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefunctionoflanguage?A.Metalingualfunction.B.Interpersonalfunction.C.Emotivefunction.D.Culturaltransmission.117.“Wecandothingswithwords”isthemainideaof______.A.thespeechacttheoryB.theco-operativeprinciples

C.thepoliteprinciplesD.pragmatics118.Motelisa(n)______.

A.abbreviationC.blending

B.coinageD.acronym

119.______isNOTapairofhomophones.A."Fair"(lovely)and"fair"(aregulargatheringofpeopleforbarterandsaleofgoods)B."Flea"(anyofvarioussmall,wingless,bloodsuckinginsects)and"flee"(toescape)C."Lead"(toguide)and"lead"(metalofadullbluish-greycolorthatmeltseasily)D."compliment"(anexpressionofpraise,admiration,orcongratulation)and

"complement"(somethingthatcompletes,makesupawhole,orbringstoperfection)120.TheIndo-Europeanfamilyhas______subfamilies.A.8C.10

21

B.9D.11

1.10:CBADC,BDBBA21-30:ACCCC,DDDBD41-50:CBDBAABDCB61-70:DDBAB,DDBBB81-90:BBCCC,ACBBD101-110:BCDDA,DCDAC","p":{"h":17.043,"w":185.618,"x":135.036,"y":275.683,"z":42},"ps":null,"s":{"letter-spacing":"-0.084"},"t":"word","r":[2]},

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