高一英語人教課標(biāo)必修1-2語法總結(jié)
高一上學(xué)期必修12語法總結(jié)
直接引語和間接引語一、句型的變化(一)如果直接引語是陳述句,間接引語一般是用that來引導(dǎo)?谡Z中that?墒÷。
“Iliketolistentorockmusic,”saidPeter.Petersaidthathelikedtolistentorockmusic.
【注意】如果直接引語中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的陳述句并列時,第一個that可以省略,
后面一個不能省略,以免引起歧義。如:
Theteachersaid,“Thetextisveryimportant.Youshouldlearnitbyheart.”Theteachersaid(that)thetextisimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.
(二)如果直接引語是一般疑問句或選擇疑問句時,間接引語常變?yōu)橛蓋hether/if引
導(dǎo),而且要用陳述句語序。如:
Theboyaskedhismother,“CanIgotoplayfootballwithmyfriendsonSaturday?”Theboyaskedhismotherwhether/ifhecouldgotoplayfootballwithhisfriendson
Saturday.
(三)如果直接引語是特殊問句,間接引語用特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo),而且用陳述句語序。如:
“Howmuchtimedoyouspendonthehomework?”heaskedme.HeaskedmehowmuchtimeIspentonthehomework.
(四)如果間接引語是表示請求、提議、建議、勸告等意義的問句,要借助其他句型
結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。如:
“Whydon’tyoucomeandplayfootballwithme?”Heasked.Headvisedmetoplayfootballwithhim.
【注意】表示請求、勸告時,通常用“ask/advise/want等+賓語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。(五)如果直接引語是祈使句,間接引語要用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)改,即改為:tell(ask,
order,warn,advise等)sb.(not)todosth.如:
“Listentomecarefully,please.”theteachersaidtous.Theteachertoldustolistentohimcarefully.
【注意】如果祈使句中出現(xiàn)了please,在間接引語中必須省略。
(六)如果直接引語是感嘆句,變間接引語時,用what,how或that來引述。如:
“Whatabeautifulhouseitis!”hesaidtome.Hetoldmewhatabeautifulhouseitwas.Hetoldmethatitwasabeautifulhouse.二、時態(tài)的變化
(一)如果主句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r,則間接引語中的時態(tài)不變。如;
Hesays,“I’mtootired.”=>Hesays(that)heistootired.
(二)如果主句的時態(tài)是一般過去時,則間接引語中的時態(tài)相應(yīng)地變?yōu)榕c過去相關(guān)的
時態(tài)。具體變化如下:
一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時過去進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時1)Theoldmansaid,“GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.”TheoldmansaidthatgreatchangeshadtakenplaceinChina.
2)“WangLiniswaitingforyououtsideoftheschoolgate.”LiFangsaidtome.LiFangtoldmethatWangLinwaswaitingformeoutsideoftheschoolgate.
【注意1】當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)述的是客觀事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理、格言或諺語;重復(fù)出現(xiàn)或現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的
動作時,間接引語的時態(tài)不變化。如:.
“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Theteachersaidtous.Theteachertoldusthatfailureisthemotherofsuccess.【注意2】當(dāng)直接引語中的謂語動詞含有情態(tài)動詞must,need,oughtto,hadbetter等,
變間接引語時,間接引語中謂語動詞的形式不變。如:
Hesaid,“Youhadbetteraskforhelpwhenyouareintrouble.”HesaidthatIhadbetteraskforhelpwhenIwasintrouble.三、人稱代詞的變化
直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時,間接引語中作主語的人稱代詞或其他物主代詞要作相應(yīng)的變化。一般情況下要遵循以下幾條原則:
(一)直接引語的主語是第一人稱,變?yōu)殚g接引語時,要和主句的主語保持一致。如:
“CanIuseyourbikeforamoment?”theboysaidtome.
Theboyaskedmewhetherhecouldusemybikeformoment.
(二)直接引語的主語是第二人稱,變?yōu)殚g接引語時,要和主句的賓語保持一致。如:
TheteacheraskedJoan,“Whyareyoulateagain?”TheteacheraskedJoanwhyhewaslateagain.
(三)直接引語的主語是第三人稱,變?yōu)殚g接引語時,間接引語中主語人稱不變。如:
Heaskedme,“HowlonghasTeddystayedinChina?”HeaskedmehowlongTeddyhasstayedinChina.四、主句謂語動詞的變化
(一)直接引語是陳述句,謂語動詞是say(said)的不變,是saidtosb.常變?yōu)閠oldsb.如:
Hesaidtohisfriend,“Iamgladtoseeyou.”Hetoldhisfriendthathewasgladtoseehim.
(二)直接引語是特殊疑問句、一般疑問句或選擇疑問句,said變?yōu)閍sked;saidtosb.
變?yōu)閍skedsb.如:
“Howcanyoudothat?”MarysaidtoBetty.MaryaskedBettyhowshecoulddothat.(三)直接引語是祈使句,變間接引語時,謂語動詞可根據(jù)語氣強(qiáng)弱選則beg,advise,ask,
tell,order,warn等。如果祈使句是否定句,還需在不定式符號to前加not.如:Isaidtoher,“Pleasepassmeaglassofwater.”Iaskedhertopassmeaglassofwater.
第1頁共4頁(四)直接引語是感嘆句,變間接引語時,引述動詞常用tell,exclaim或say等。如:一.定語從句的定義
“Howwellhelooks!”Lucysaid.1.定語從句在從句中起定語作用,修飾句中的某一名詞或代詞,被定語從句修飾的詞Lucyexclaimedhowwellhelooked.叫先行詞。定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后面.(定語從句有時候還可以修飾一個句子,Lucysaidthathelookedwell.通常指代一件事情)五、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和方向性動詞的變化2.引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞叫關(guān)系詞,關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,他們的作用:(一)指示代詞的變化(1)引導(dǎo)作用thisthatthesethose(2)替代(先行詞)作用(二)時間狀語的變化(3)在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)某個成分的作用nowthenagobefore/earlier關(guān)系代詞:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等(在句中作主、表、賓、定等成分)todaythatdayyesterdaythedaybefore關(guān)系副詞:where,when,why在從句中作狀語thismorning/afternoon,etc.thatmorning/afternoon,etc.e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.tomorrowthefollowing/nextdaywho引導(dǎo)定語從句并代替先行詞theboy在定語從句中充當(dāng)broke的主語thedayaftertomorrowintwodays’timea.關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,which,that,whose)的指代關(guān)系及其選擇thedaybeforeyesterdaytwodaysbefore/earlier定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇取決于先行詞(被修飾詞)在定語從句中的位置、成分。nextweek/month,etc.thenextweek/month,etc.指人指物在定語從句中的作用lastweek/monththeweek/monthbeforewho√主語賓語【注意】如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述,時間狀語也可不變。如:whom√賓語Mr.Blacksaid,“IvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.”which√主語賓語Mr.BlacksaidthathehadvisitedtheGreatWalllastyear.that√√主語賓語(三)地點(diǎn)和方向性動詞的變化定語(whose和它所修飾的名詞在從句中可以充當(dāng)主whose√√heretherecomego語或賓語)【注意】如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,地點(diǎn)狀語也可不變。如:b.關(guān)系副詞Hesaid,“Iwillcomeherethisevening.”(1)why先行詞是表示原因的名詞(reason),關(guān)系詞在從句中做原因狀語表示原因Hesaidthathewouldcomeherethisevening.(同時同地引述)(2)where先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語表示地點(diǎn)鞏固練習(xí):將下列句子變?yōu)殚g接引語或直接引語(3)when先行詞是表示時間的名詞,關(guān)系詞在從句中做時間狀語表示時間1.Hesaidtome,“Iwrotealettertomyparentslastweek.”e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.He_________methat_________________aletterto________parents________ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.________________.IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.2.“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,”mothersaidtoherdaughter.3.定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。Mother_________herdaughterthatthesun______uptheeastand_______inthewest.限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確,它對主句3.“Don’tbelateagain,Jim,”saidtheteacher.Theteacher______________________起到限制作用。________belateagain.非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它對主4.“HaveyouseenthefilmHarryPotter?”heasked.句起進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。如果先行詞是專有名詞或獨(dú)一無Heaskedme________________________________thefilmHarryPotter.二的事物,我們一般要用非限制定語從句。5.Mr.WangaskedthestudentshowtheycouldimprovetheirspokenEnglish.e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.(限制性)“________________________improve________spokenEnglish?”Mr.WangsaidtoThehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.(非限制性)thestudents.二.注意事項:
1.只能用which不能用that的情況:定語從句第2頁共4頁①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句
②先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置,即當(dāng)關(guān)系詞緊跟在介詞后面時,
e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.
==Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin.
2.只能用whom不能用who的情況:
①先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置,如
e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith.
==Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith.
3.關(guān)系代詞必須用that的情形:
①當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級所修飾
e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.②當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾
e.g.ThefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyJohn.③當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery等修飾
e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.
④先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little(少量,一些),much等修飾時:e.g.I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.
⑤當(dāng)先行詞為all,much,little(少量,一些),few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代詞時,或者是在therebe句型中.e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.⑥當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時
e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.⑦當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時:
e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.
4.定語從句中如果先行詞是theway,關(guān)系詞常用inwhich,that或省略5.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞及其容易混用的情況1.Thisisthefactory______Ionceworked.2.Thisisthefactory______I’vevisited.
3.Theday__________IalwaysrememberisOct.1.4.Theday______NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11.
5.Thereason_____hehasn’tcomeisthathehasbeenill.6.Don’tbelievethereason_____hegiveyou.
【注意】當(dāng)表示時間,地點(diǎn),原因的名詞,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行詞,在定語從句中作狀語時,用when,where,why;在從句中作主語或賓語時,就用that或which.
三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞的情況當(dāng)我們在用帶有介詞的定語從句時,我們有兩種選擇,介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前或者是放在定語從句中。如:
1)Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.
ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.
2)ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.那么如何選擇介詞呢:
1).介詞與定語從句的先行詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.
e.g.Thefarm_______Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.2).介詞與從句中的動詞是一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.
e.g.Whoistheman________ourteacherisshakinghands?3).介詞與從句中的形容詞一起構(gòu)成一種習(xí)慣性的搭配.
e.g.Oursisabeautifulcountry,_______wearegreatlyproud.4).表示“所有格”或“整體中的部分”時,用介詞of.
e.g.Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percent________arewomen.練習(xí)1:關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空
1)Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_______shecouldturnforhelp.
2)Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveanyquestions.3)Barcelonaisthecity_____the25thSummerOlympicwereheld.練習(xí)2:用介詞+關(guān)系代詞填空
1.Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.Doyoulikethebook________shepaid$10?
3.Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?
5.Hebuiltatelescope(望遠(yuǎn)鏡)hecouldstudytheskies.6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,________standsourteacher.
7.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest____________istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower__________peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.
9.Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.
10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most________hadn’tbeencleanedfor
atleastayear.
四.a(chǎn)s引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句比較并發(fā)現(xiàn):
Theearthisround._____isknowntoall.Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall._____isknowntoall,theearthisround.
______isknowntoallthattheearthisround.
【注意】as具有正如之意,與之搭配的動詞一般是固定的,如:asyouknow/asyou
see/asweplanned/asweexpected
第3頁共4頁比較并發(fā)現(xiàn):ThisisthesamepenasIlost.這本書和我丟的那本一模一樣。
ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.這本書就是我丟的那本。
【注意】thesame…as表示相似事物,thesame…that表示同一事物比較并發(fā)現(xiàn):
Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllike.這是大家都喜歡的如此有趣的一本書。(定語從句)Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllikeit.這本書如此有趣,大家都喜歡。(結(jié)果狀語從句)
【注意】such(so)…as…引導(dǎo)定語從句,such(so)…that…引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句
被動語態(tài)與主動語態(tài)一.語態(tài)概述
英語中有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。
被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的對象。e.g.Heopenedthedoor.他開了門。(主動句)
Thedoorwasopened.門被開了。(被動句)二.被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。
1.一般將來時的被動語態(tài)will/shall/beto/begoingto+bedone2.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)has/havebeendone3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)be+beingdone
歌訣是:被動語態(tài)be字變,過去分詞跟后面。三、被動語態(tài)的用法
(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。e.g.Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者,而不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者。
e.g.ThewindowwasbrokenbyMike.窗戶是邁克打破的。四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法
(1)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。(2)把謂語變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)(be+過去分詞)
(根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù),以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的
時態(tài)來決定be的形式)。
(3)把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語,將主格改為賓格。
e.g.Ihavefinishedthehomework..
Thehomeworkhasbeenfinishedbyme.
歌訣是:賓變主,主變賓,by短語后面跟。一.單項選擇:
1.()Ifthework________,youcangoandplaygames.
A.finishedB.hasfinishedC.willbefinishedD.isfinished
2.()Itwasrainingheavilyoutside,thechildrenweremade______intheclassroom.A.stayB.tostayC.stayingD.stayed3.()Kate_______theletterbeforehermothercameintoherbedroom.A.haswrittenB.waswrittenC.hadwrittenD.iswriting4.()Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbish______intotheriver.A.needn’tbethrownB.mustn’tbethrownC.can’tthrowD.maynotthrow5.()Ilikemybike.It________verywell.
A.ridesB.isridingC.isriddenD.hasridden6.()Iwon’tcometothepartyunlessTom______,too.YoumeanifTomcomes,you’llcome.
A.willinviteB.invitesC.invitedD.isinvited7.()EveryonewhoheardMr.Green’sstory_____________it.
A.laughedatB.waslaughedC.laughedD.waslaughedat8.()Thechildrenmust_______.
A.lookafterB.betakengoodcareC.lookthesameD.betakengoodcareof9.()Thewomanstilldoesn’tknowwhat_______inherhometown
whileshewasaway.
A.happensB.happenedC.willhappenD.washappened10.()Isawyouwereonfootthismorning.
Yes.Mybike___________.
A.ismendingB.isbeingmendedC.ismendedD.isbeingmending二.用正確的形式填空:
1.Allthestudents__________(ask)tobringakitewiththemlastSunday.
2.Aremanyways_______(try)tostoppeoplefromcuttingdownsomanytrees?3.Whatareonshowinthemuseum?
Somephotos_________(take)byAmericanchildren.4.Thiscoat_________(wash)well.
5.Musttheoldpeople____________(speak)topolitely?
6.I’moften_________(警告)nottocopyothers’homework.7.Hecouldn’texplainwhydinosaurs___________(消失).8.I’llhavemybike__________________(修理)tomorrow.9.Haveyoufoundyournecklace________(偷)lastweek?10.ThePRCwas_________(成立)onOctober1,1949.
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