當代研究生英語課后習題答案(上冊、下冊)總結(jié)好的,供期末考試用英語復習

1.TheBillhasincorporatedmanyofthesuggestionsputforwardbytheopposition.2.Newtechnologiesareneededtoinvigoratethecountry’seconomy.3.Thesoldiersuppressedhisfearandwentonfighting.

4.Thenoiseofcarspassingalongtheroadisacontinualdisturbancetoourquietlife.5.Thiscountryissufferingfromitseconomicstagnation.6.Theoldmancherishedthegirlasifshewerehisdaughter.7.Donotlosehope;rememberthemotto“Neversaydie”.

8.Thetempleishighinthemountain,andisinaccessibletothepublicinwinter.9.Thechildshoweddefiancebyrefusingtoeat.

10.Iamdefendingmycommunistideologymyideals,thecontentandsignificanceofmywholelife.

11.Thecarrandownthehillunderitsownimpetus.

12.Thereacanalwasbeingbuilttofacilitatecommercebetweenthesetwocities.13.Myfirstparachutejumpwasa(n)exhilaratingexperience.14.Ismyconvictionthatyoudidnottryhardenough.

15.“Worldlywealthistransient;heavenlywealthlastsforever.”saidthepriest.

1.Inordertostrengthenhisarguments,Toffler()respectablesocialscientistswhoagreewithhim.

A.quotesB.confirmsC.recitesD.convinces

2.Hecouldscarcelyresisttakinganotherdrinkofthedeliciouswine,butrememberingthedoctor’sadvice,he().

ArefrainedBwithdrewCavoidedDretreated

3.Whenpeoplehavetheirbasicneedssatisfied,theybegintothinkofotherthingstofulfilltheirlife().

AnecessitiesBrequirementsCappreciationsDexpectations

4.Withinseconds,theexperiencedinstructor()thesituationanddecidedtoattemptrescue.AassumedBassuredCassessedDaffirmed

5.Mostgoodwritersuseeverymeansattheir()tomakethereader’swaysmoothandeasy.AwillBdisposalCrequestDconvenience

6.Thenewapartmenthousebuiltafewmonthsagoislargeenoughto()overtwohundredpeople.

AaccommodateBlocateCsettleDreside

7.Ariver()throughthenarrowwoodedvalleybelow.ApoursBtwistsCexpendsDexpands

8.TouseaChinesesaying,thisis“apunishmentwhichtheywell()”.AdesertBdeserveCreserveDpreserve

9.Thecaptainoftheship()thepassengersthattherewasnodanger.AsecuredBensuredCassuredDguaranteed

10.Thegrowthofcitiesandsuburbsthroughouttheregionhas()theresidentstobuildhouseswherevertheycouldfindopenland.

AconvertedBappealedCjustifiedDencouragedUnit2

1.Thekitchenwassmalland()sothatthedisabledwomancouldreacheverythingwithoutdifficulty.

AcompleteBcomplexCcompositeDcompact2.Hisauthorityand()makehimanexcellentteacher.

Aself-consciousnessBself-confidenceCself-centerednessDself-regard

3.Beingbothspoiltandlazyhe()everyoneelseforhislackofsuccess.AaccusedBchargedCcriticizedDblamed

4.WhenIlearnedthatIhadpassedtheexam,Ifelt()andrelaxed.AcarelessBtrouble-freeCnegligentDcare-free

5.Averylargecatwaswatchingusintentlyfromthetopofa()car.AcarelessBstationeryCmotionlessDstationary

6.Thisisthe()pianoonwhichthecomposercreatedsomeofhisgreatestworks.AactualBrealCgenuineDcontemporary

7.Yourusualteacherhaslosthisvoiceand()Iamtakinghisplacetoday.AneverthelessBhoweverCmoreoverDaccordingly8.A()womanisneededtotakecareoftwosmallchildren.AconfidentBreliableCtrustyDfaithful9.Ihavehada()ofmisfortunes.

AcontinuationBrepetitionCcontinuityDsuccession

10.Hehadan()habitofemptyingashtraysoutofhisupstairswindowontoourdoorstep.AobjectionableBafflictingCuneducatedDoffending11.Themusicarouseda(n)()feelingofhomesicknessinhim.AintenseBhopelessCintensiveDsad

12.Thejury()himofhavingcommittedtherobberyandhewasthensentencedtofiveyear’simprisonment.

AaccusedBchargedCconvictedDacquitted

13.Thebookprovedtobeveryunreliableandsowasquite()tohiminhisresearch.AunimportantBdisusedCuselessDunusable

14.Theplanwas()whenitwasdiscoveredjusthowmuchtheschemewouldcost.AresignedBabandonedCreleasedDredeemed

15.Theblowattheendofroundthreeknockedthechampion().AinsensitiveBstupefiedCsenselessDnonsensicalUnit3

1.TheRomanempire()underpressurepressurefromuncivilizednortherntribes.

AtrembledBcrumbledChurdledDsmashed

2.thepoliceare()awaragainstcrimeinthecity.Acommitting

BbreakingCundertakingDwaging

3.thesignwasnolongerlegiblebecausemuchoftheletteringhad()。AworndownBwornonCwornawayDwornout4.they()whetheraninternationalloanwaspossible.AdissolvedBdisputedCdissentedDdistorted5.heisalways()hisknowledgeinpublic

AairingBpraisingCassumingDretorting

6.flowersarebloominginscarletprofusiononthe()oftherice-fields.AspacesBclearingsCmarginsDvacuums

7.theyoungsoldier’shearingwas()aftertheexplosionAstrengthenedBtrappedCmanipulatedDimpaired

8.blackdeathwas()inenglandinthesummerof1348withoutanywarningand,most

importantly,withoutanycure.

AcurrentBcirculatingCprevailingDuniversal

9.thegoodnewsisthataspeopleinfectedwithHIVkeeptakingthetriple-drug(),theyhave

anexcellentchanceofsurvivingtheinfectionforalongtime.AantigenBcocktailCmicrobeDtherapy

10.becauseithaslongbeenknownthatHIVkillsCD4cellswhenitreplicatesinsidethem,many

researchershavebeentooreadyto()thatthisisthereasontheyalldie.AdiscoverBassumeCretortDpronounce

Measuresomeunlesshoweverseparatewhenenvironmentallyhappenopportunitycapableindifferencedemonstrateupaveragewithbutfailisolatenever

Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’sintelligence.Thefirstisthesortofbrainheisborn().Humanbrainsdifferconsiderably,()beingmorecapablethanothers.()nomatterhowgoodabrainhehastobeginwith,anindividualwillhavealoworderofintelligence()hehasopportunitiestolearn.Sothesecondfactoriswhat()totheindividual---thesortofenvironmentinwhichheisbrought().Ifanindividualishandicapped(),itislikelythathisbrainwill()todevelopandhewill()attainthelevelofintelligenceofwhichheis().Theimportanceofenvironmentindetermininganindividual’sintelligencecanbe()bythecasehistoryoftheidenticaltwins,PeteranJohn.Whenthetwinswerethreemonthsold,theirparentsdied,andtheywereplacedin()fosterhomes.Peterwasrearedbyparentsoflowintelligenceinan()communitywithpooreducational().John,(),waseducatedinhomeofwell-to-doparentswhohadbeentocollege.Thisenvironmental()continueduntilthetwinswere()theirlateteens,()theyweregiventeststo()theirintelligence.

John’sI.Q.was125,twenty-fivepointshigherthanthe()andfullyfortypointshigherthanhisidenticalbrother.

Creativitysostimulatecontrolonsubstancemindcarrychemicalstheylearningefficientaffectdiscoverinterest

Recentstudiesofthehumanbrainhaveresultedinsomeinterestingdiscoveries.Scientistsbelievethatawaytoimprovethepowerofthebrainmaysoonbepossible.

Scientistshave()thatthebraincanmakeitsowndrugs.Thebraincontainsaprotein()whichcanactdirectly()thebraintochangeaspectsofmentalactivity.Somemaychangeorimprove,forexample,(),intelligence,imagination,andgoodmemory.

Chemicalsfoundinthebrain()messages.Inrecentyearsscientistshavefoundchemicalsthat()mood,memoryandotherhappeningsofthe().About25havebeenfound()far.

Todaytheroleof()andproteinsubstanceinhumanbehaviouriscreatingmuch(),Researchseemstoshowthattheymayhelp()insomnia,pain,andmentalillness.Theyhaveagreatcapacityto()thebraintoconquerdeficiencies.()alsoimprovethequalitiesofmemoryand()alreadyinthebrain.Theyholdthesecrettomoodandemotion.Somedaytheremaybeachemicalwaytocreateabetterandmore()brain.

Sampleimmunewhichwaysleadtonumbertakerebuildatallfurtherdrugthatarguedisruptcopewithtrapalongsidefindinglossprolong

BymeasuringtheamountofHIV’sgeneticmaterialinvariousrepresentativetissuesamplesfrominfectedpeople,andextrapolatingfromthese(sample)totheentirebody,Haaseestimatesthatatmost1in2,500cells,maybefewer,isinfectedwithHIV.Thisisnowherenearenoughfordirectcellkillingtoaccountforthedepletionintheirnumbersthat(leadsto)AIDS.

HaasesaysthathisownworknowshowsthatlargenumbersofCD4cellsarebecoming(trapped)inlymphtissue,andhebelievesthatHIValso(disrupts)theproductionofnewcells.Incommonwithanumberofotherresearchers,healsobelievesthatHIVmaycausethe(loss)ofuninfectedCD4cellsbytriggeringabnormallyhighlevelsofcellsuicide,orapoptosisaseparateprocessthathasbeenasubjectofresearchthroughoutthe1990s.

Takentogether,these(findings)clearlysuggestthatHIVkeepsthe(immune)systeminstateofconstantactivation,andunbalancesitinfour(ways):bytrappingmaturecells,bykillingasmallbutsignificant(number)ofcellsdirectly.Theircombinedimpactleavestheimmunesystemdepletedandunableto(copewith)opportunisticinfections.

Howwillanyofthisaffecttreatments?Wouldbetterknowledgeofthewaysin(which)thevirusdisturbstheimmunesystemenableresearchersto(rebuild)it,broadeningthedepletedrepertoireofCD4cells?Roederer,atleast,thinksthatdrugsthatdirectlyaffecttheimmunesystemwillbeneeded.

Othersgo(further).JayLevyattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,worriesthat(prolonged)treatmentwithcocktailsofantiviral(drugs)mightevenfooltheimmunesystemand“putittorest”,bykeepinglevelsofHIVsolowinthebody(that)theyfailtotriggeranyimmuneresponses(atall).Thisnightmakeindividualswhostop(taking)thedurgsevenmorevulnerable.He(argues)thatimmune-restoringtreatmentsshouldbegiven(alongside)antiviraldrugs.Already,someresearchersareworkingonnovelapproachessuchasdevelopinggeneticallyengineeredTcellstoreplacelostCD4cells.Unit4

TransactionrefertothroughacrossfocusoncoveratalllevelsofnothinginthecaseofcomeintonecessarilymakecommunitybepreparedtohaveaccesstoEconomic“globalization”isahistoricalprocess,theresultofhumaninnovationandtechnologicalprogress.Itreferstotheincreasingintegrationofeconomiesaroundtheworld,particularlythroughtradeandfinancialflows.Thetermsometimesalso()themovementofpeople(labor)andknowledge(technology)()internationalborders.Therearealsobroadercultural,politicalandenvironmentaldimensionsofglobalizationthatarenot()here.

Atitsmostbasic,thereis()mysteriousaboutglobalization.Theterm()commonusagesincethe1980s,reflectingtechnologicaladvancesthat()iteasierandquickertocompleteinternational()---bothtradeandfinancialflows.Itreferstoanextensionbeyondnationalbordersofthesamemarketforcesthathaveoperatedforcenturies()humaneconomicactivity---villagemarkets,urbanindustries,orfinancialcenters.

Marketspromoteefficiency()competitionandthedivisionoflaborthespecializationthatallowspeopleandeconomiesto()whattheydobest.Globalmatketsoffergreateropportunityforpeopletotapintomoreandlargermarketsaroundtheworld.Itmeansthattheycan()morecapitalflows,technology,cheaperimports,andlargerexportmarkets.Butmarketsdonot()ensurethatthebenefitsofincreasedefficiencyaresharedbyall.Countriesmust()embracethepoliciesneeded,and()thepoorestcountriesmayneedthesupportoftheinternational()astheydoso.

在這些變化和轉(zhuǎn)折中，我們對生活方式的看法要經(jīng)歷四個感知方面的微妙變化：第一，在內(nèi)心中對自己和他人的看法；第二，在生活中的各種威脅面前所具有的安全感；第三是我們對時間的認識，是感到來日方長，還是開始感到時日無多？最后是對自己的精力和活力的直覺意識，是感到精力充沛，還是感到力不從心？這些都是我們內(nèi)心里產(chǎn)生的若明若暗的感覺，他們構(gòu)成了我們生活的基調(diào)，影響著我們采取行動前的種種決定。

人生這一階段的任務(wù)是，在同齡人中、在性別角色中、在期望的職業(yè)中、以及在思想意識和世界觀方面確立自己的位置。這樣，我們既有了離家獨立的動力，也有了離家獨立的心理準備。

由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及對自己的意志充滿信心，我們在二十歲時普遍認定自己所選擇的道路是人生真正的事業(yè)所在。如果有人說我們很想自己的父母，說我們的言行舉止是父母二十多年來教育和熏陶的結(jié)果，我們會很不高興。

幾年之后此病毒從剛果荒蠻濃密的叢林中爆發(fā)出來。一旦流傳開來，它就隨著反叛部隊穿越大陸的各個戰(zhàn)區(qū)；隨著貨車司機駛過各個妓院；最終，可能隨著空中乘務(wù)員飛往美國，并在那里于20世紀80年代初被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

在津巴布韋的25個受監(jiān)控的地區(qū)，懷孕的婦女接受了HIV病毒的檢測。1997年只有兩個地區(qū)顯示其感染率在10%以下。

這是因為在貧窮國家許多人對正常的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展不起作用。說得再殘酷些，在一個擁有大量非技術(shù)勞力的國家里，死去的勞力很容易被取代。

當一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭損失就不是一個人的事了。以為不只是他的收入沒有了，

他的親屬還要花時間和金錢去照料他。

泰國政府認為沒有必要向肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走了旅游者而淡化HIV傳播的嚴重性。泰國人被

反復告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他們自己去做出選擇。

近四年來，病毒引起免疫系統(tǒng)災(zāi)難性崩潰從而導致艾滋病這一理論一直主宰著人類對HIV的研究。但是這種理論的一致性現(xiàn)在正在動搖，部分原因是由于免疫學家費蘭克。米德馬領(lǐng)導的一支荷蘭小組對HIV的研究工作。如果荷蘭小組是正確的話，其影響將是深遠的。感染HIV的人將有望得到新方法的治療。而一些話費幾十億美元的研究項目中最具權(quán)威的理論就會被推翻。

總體而言，世界貿(mào)易組織采納了有利與跨國商務(wù)活動的規(guī)則，拒絕了商務(wù)活動反對的規(guī)則。世界貿(mào)易組織的政策遭到了來自“民間社團”的代表，如工會、消費者積極分子、環(huán)境保護主義者、土著民居、婦女團體等的反對。墨西哥在執(zhí)行北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定不久，貨幣危機使國家陷入經(jīng)濟蕭條，小業(yè)主們也走向街頭反對“自由貿(mào)易”。不同意北部聯(lián)盟有關(guān)勞動保護條款的南半球的貧窮國家也認為世界貿(mào)易組織并不為大多數(shù)人謀福利。

擴展閱讀：當代研究生英語課后習題答案(上冊、下冊)總結(jié)好的,供期末考試用

一、VocabularyA根據(jù)定義寫單詞Unit1

InthepastformerlyIncludeembraceman-madeartificialcontrolsystematicallyregulateexactlypreciselyundesiredunwantedirrelevantextraneoushavingintensefeelingpassionate

aimtowardbetargetedtonotfarawayathandbechargedforbesendforUnit3

ContainingmanydetailedpartsandthusdifficulttounderstandintricateNearlycorrectbutnotexactlyapproximatelyAsuddenshakingoftheEarthssurfaceearthquakeHavingmanydifferentkindsofskillsorabilitiesversatileStandingapart,separateasistobealoneisolatedTheoppositeinposition;theotherwayaroundreverseInadditionto;alsoaswellasDependingoneachother;necessarytoeachotherinterdependentIncreaseinnumberbygivingbirthtooffspringmultiplyEatsomethinginordertostayaliveorsubsistliveonDestroycompletelykilloffNotinitsexactoraccuratepositionoutoftrueProvidewithproperornecessaryskills,knowledgeetc.quality(not)inanyway(not)atallAsaresultfromanaturalimpulseortendencyspontaneously

Unit5

Learnanddiscover(afactthatwashidden)findoutAgroupofpeoplelivingtogetherbysharedinterests,religion,etc.communityChangeintosomethingofdifferentformorpropertiesconvertHaveaclearmeaningwakesenseAstateofverystrongfeeling,esp.ofjoyandhappinessecstasyTaketheplaceofreplacetosomeextent;somewhatmoreorlessatthelowestestimateorfigureatleastnoteasilymanaged;hardtotreat,relieve,orcureintractableunderstand;figureoutthemeaningofmakeout下冊：Unit3

1.Ageneralagreenmentconsensus2.Breakintosmallpiecescrumble3.Ofthegreatestimportancevital4.Mostcommonprevailing

5.Becomegraduallyfewerorsmallerdwindle6.Callintoquestiondispute

7.Apersonwhoarguesinfavorofsomethingproponent8.Anauthoritativeprincipleorbeliefdogma9.Largeinamountmassive10.Explaininterpret11.Suspicionhunch

12.Baffleorconfusepuzzle

UNIT5

1.Emerged

2.Launch3.Gap4.declined5.Medium-sized6.procedures7.Crucial8diverse9.transaction10.regulating11.representatives12.depression13.implementation14.provisions二、選詞填空

下冊：UNIT1

UNIT2

三、翻譯UNIT11.Thepossibilityofarealmarket-styleevolutionofgovernanceisathand.一種真正的市場型管理模式很快成為可能。

2.Incyberspace,we`llabletotestandevolverulesgoverningwhatneedstobegoverned----intellectualproperty,contentandaccesscontrol,rulesaboutprivacyandfreespeech.

在信息空間，我們將能夠檢驗并完善所需要的管理制度-----知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、服務(wù)內(nèi)容與使用權(quán)的控制制度、個人隱私權(quán)與自由言論制度等3.Somecommunitieswillallowanyonein;otherswillrestrictaccesstomemberswho

qualifyononebasisoranother.

有些群體允許任何人加入，而有一些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。

4.Thosecommunitiesthatproveself-sustainingwillprosper(andperhapsgrowandsplit

intosubsetswithever-more-particularinterestsandidentities).

能夠自持的群體會興旺發(fā)展（或許也會因為知趣與身份日趨特殊，而發(fā)展成為幾個

分支）。

Thosethatcan`tsurvive----eitherbecausepeopleloseinterestorgetscaredoff----willsimplywitheraway.

有些群體或因為成員失去興趣，或因為成員被嚇跑而不能幸存下來，它們將漸漸萎縮消亡。Unit2

Oncetheproblemisunderstood,improvementcomesnaturally.一旦問題得到理解，情況自然有所改善。Womenwhofeelabandonedanddeprivedwhentheirhusbandswon"tlistentoorreport

dailynewsmaybehappytodiscovertheirhusbandstryingtoadaptoncetheyunderstandtheplaceofsmalltalkinwomen"srelationships.

那些通常因丈夫不傾聽或不談?wù)撁刻彀l(fā)生的事情而感到被遺棄、感到喪失生活樂趣的女性會高興的發(fā)現(xiàn)，她們的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的談話在女性關(guān)系中的地位后，正努力地在適應(yīng)Butiftheirhusbandsdon"tadapt,thewomenmaystillbecomfortedthatformen,

thisisnotafailureofintimacy.

如果丈夫不適應(yīng)，妻子仍然能夠得到安慰，因為她知道，對男人來說，這不是不親密的表現(xiàn)。

Acceptingthedifference,thewivesmaylooktotheirfriendsorfamilyforthatkindoftalk.

當妻子接受了男女存在區(qū)別這一事實后，便會去找自己的朋友或家人說一說話。

Andhusbandswhocan"tprovideitshouldn"tfeeltheirwiveshavemadeunreasonable

demands.

那些不能夠給予妻子談話快樂的丈夫，也不應(yīng)該覺得妻子提出了無理要求。

Somecoupleswillstilldecidetodivorce,butatleasttheirdecisionswillbebasedon

realisticexpectations.

仍然會有一些夫妻決定離婚，但起碼他們的決定是建立在比較現(xiàn)實的期望基礎(chǔ)上的。UNIT3

Whenitfirstcameintobeing,theEarthverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallan

oceanandanatmosphere.

在地球形成的初期，上面很可能沒有我們今天稱之為海洋和大氣層之類的東西。Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbythe

energeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.

在20億到30億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽能的作用下，形成了結(jié)構(gòu)復

雜的化合物，這些化合物靈活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。

Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyofliving

portions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).

整個星球是一種由無機部分和各種各樣的有機生命構(gòu)成的生命形式（正如我們自己

的身體，既是由各種各樣的有機部分構(gòu)成，又是由骨骼中的無機晶體和血液中的無積水分所構(gòu)成）。

Inthesameway,onaplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynot

threatenEarth"slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.

5.同樣，從全球的規(guī)模考慮，砍掉一整片森林在總體上不會對地球生命構(gòu)成威脅，但

是這樣做會對該地區(qū)的生態(tài)形成嚴重的影響，甚至會造成水的流失，從而引起地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的細微變化。

Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,

andbotharethebetterforit.

如果排除外界的干擾，食肉動物和被吃動物都保持一個適當?shù)臄?shù)量，這樣對雙方都

有好處。ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth"sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesHomo

sapiensasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.

目前世界人口的急劇增長率使人類可以被稱為生態(tài)惡性腫瘤。這種惡性腫瘤肯定會

摧毀生態(tài)環(huán)境，正如普通的癌細胞會摧毀人的肌體一樣。

Unit4

Theflowofnoveltiesinvocabulary,inidiom,eveninpronunciation,isnow

overwhelminglyeastward.

新詞匯、新習語、甚至新發(fā)音都已無法抗拒的勢力源源不斷傳入東方。

WeseldomborrowanEnglishwordorphrasesanymore,thoughweusedtoborrow

many;buttheEnglishtakeinourinventionsalmostasfastaswecanlaunchthem.

從前我們常常借用很多英語詞或短語，但現(xiàn)在很少這樣做。但英語卻吸納我們創(chuàng)造

的詞，我們創(chuàng)造有多快，其吸納的速度幾乎就有多快。

TheAmericancanmovie,Isuppose,islargelyresponsibleforthischange,butthereare

unquestionablydeepercausestoo.

我認為，美國電影固然對這一變化起了很大作用，但毫無疑問，還有更深刻的原因。Englishisstillabittight,abitstiff,morethanalittleartificial.英語依然有點太嚴格、有點僵硬，且過于矯揉造作。

ButAmericanhasgoneondevelopingwithalmostElizabethanprodigality.而美語的發(fā)

展卻像伊麗莎白時代一樣繁榮。

Alltheprocessesofword-formationthatwereinoperationinShakespearesEnglandare

stillinoperationhere,andtheyproduceasteadystreamofneologismsthatewouldhaverelishedasjoyfullyasherelishedthenoveltiesactuallyproducedinhistime.

所有那些在英國莎士比亞時代應(yīng)用的構(gòu)詞方法，現(xiàn)在依然在美國應(yīng)用著，新詞源源

不斷地產(chǎn)生。如果沙翁健在這些新詞一定會使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的時代產(chǎn)生的新詞曾使他欣喜若狂一樣

UNIT5

Thegoalofscienceistofindouthowtheworldworks,toseekwhatregularitiestheremaybe,topenetratetotheconnectionsofthings---fromsubnuclearparticles,whichmaybetheconstituentsofallmatter,tolivingorganisms,thehumansocialcommunity,andthencetothecosmosasawhole.

科學的目的是弄清世界的運行特點，尋求其間可能存在的規(guī)律，洞察事物之間的聯(lián)系----從構(gòu)成一切物質(zhì)的亞核粒子，到生物有機體，人類社會群體，以至整個宇宙。

Everyculturehasposedsuchquestionsinonewayoranother.Almostalwaysthe

proposedanswersareinthenatureof“JustSoStories”,attemptedexplanationsdivorcedfromexperiment,orevenfromcarefulcomparativeobservations.世界上每一文化群體都以這樣或那樣的方式提出過這些問題。而所提供的答案幾乎

都帶有“就這么回事”的性質(zhì)，這些嘗試性的解釋總是脫離實驗，甚至沒有經(jīng)過細心的比較觀察。

Topenetrateintotheheartofthething---evenalittlething,abladeofgrass,asWalt

Whitmansaid---istoexperienceakindofexhilarationthat,itmaybe,onlyhumanbeingsofallthebeingsonthisplanetcanfeel.

要透徹的領(lǐng)悟一件事物，哪怕是很小的一件東西---比如惠特曼所說的一片草葉，也

會經(jīng)歷一種喜悅，這種喜悅，在整個世界的所有生靈中只有人類才能感受到。Andsometimeswehearpronouncementsfromscientistswhoconfidentlystatethat

everythingworthknowingwillsoonbeknow---orevenisalreadyknownandwhopaintpicturesofaDionysianageinwhichthezestforintellectualdiscoveryhaswithered,tobeplacedbyakindofsubduedlanguor,thelotus-eatersdrinkingfermentedcoconutmilkorsomeothermildhallucinogen.

有時我們聽到一些科學家發(fā)表的宣言，他們充滿信心的宣稱，每一件值得弄清的事

物都會很快為大家所知，或者說有些已經(jīng)眾所周之。他們描繪的是狄奧尼修斯和波利尼西亞時代的圖畫，在這些畫中，人們對知識探索的熱情已經(jīng)減退，取而代之的是一種被征服的怠惰，成了飲用發(fā)酵椰子汁和其他一些溫和迷幻劑的安逸度日者。Ifwecouldshrinkourselvesintothiscrystallineworld,wecouldseerankuponrankof

atomsinanorderedarray,aregularlyalternatingstructure---sodium,chlorine,sodiumchlorine,specifyingthesheetofatomswearestandingonandallthesheetsaboveusandbelowus.

如果我們可以縮小身體進入這個晶體世界，我們可以看見一排排原子形成有序的點

陣，呈一種有規(guī)律的交替結(jié)構(gòu)---鈉原子、氯原子、氯化鈉原子，這些點陣精確的勾畫出我們所站的這一層原子以及在我們頭上、頭下的所有原子層的示意圖。

下冊：UNIT1

1.Duringeachofthesepassages,howwefeelaboutourwayoflivingwillundergosubtle

changesinfourareasofperception.Oneistheinteriorsenseofselfinrelationtoothers.

在這些變化和轉(zhuǎn)折中，我們對生活方式的看法要經(jīng)歷四個感知方面的微妙變化：第一，在內(nèi)心中對自己和他人的看法；

1.Asecondistheproportionofsafenesstodangerwefeelinourlives.Athirdisour

perceptionoftimedowehaveplentyofit,orarewebeginningtofeelthattimeisrunningout?

第二，在生活的各種威脅面前所具有的安全感；第三是我們對時間的認識，是感到來日方長，還是開始感到時日無多？

1.Last,therewillbesomeshiftatthegutlevelinoursenseofalivenessorstagnation.These

arethehazysensationsthatcomposethebackgroundtoneoflivingandshapethedecisionsonwhichwetakeaction.

最后是對自己的精力和活力的直覺意識，是感到精力充沛，還是感到力不從心？這些都是在我們內(nèi)心里產(chǎn)生的若明若暗的感覺，它們構(gòu)成了我們生活的基調(diào)，影響著我們采取行動前的種種決定。

1.Thetasksofthispassagearetolocateourselvesinapeergrouprole,asexrole,an

anticipatedoccupation,anideologyorworldview.人生這一階段的任務(wù)是，在同齡人中，在性別角色中，在期望的職業(yè)中，以及在思想意識和世界觀方面確立自己的位置。

2.Asaresult,wegathertheimpetustoleavehomephysicallyandtheidentitytobegin

leavinghomeemotionally.

這樣，我們既有了離家獨立的動力，也有了離家獨立的心理準備。

1.Buoyedbypowerfulillusionsandbeliefinthepowerofthewill,wecommonlyinsistin

ourtewntiesthatwhatwehavechosentodoistheonetruecourseinlife.由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及對自己意志充滿信心，我們在二十幾歲時普遍認定自己選擇的道路是人生真正的事業(yè)所在。

2.Ourbacksgoupatthemeresthintthatwearelikeourparents,thattwodecadesof

parentaltrainingmightbereflectedinourcurrentactionsandattitudes.

如果有人說我們很想自己的父母，說我們的言行舉止是父母二十多年來教育和熏陶的結(jié)果，我們會很不高興Unit2

IttookseveralyearsforthevirustobreakoutofCongo"sdenseandsparselypopulatedjunglesbut,onceitdid,itmarchedwithrebelarmiesthroughthecontinent"snumerouswarzones,幾年之后此病毒從剛果荒蠻濃密的從林中爆發(fā)出來。一旦流傳開來，它就隨著反叛部隊穿越大陸的各個戰(zhàn)區(qū)；

rodewithtruckersfromonerest-stopbrotheltothenest,andeventuallyflew,perhapswithanairsteward,toAmerica,whereitwasdiscoveredintheearly1980s.

隨著貨車司機駛過各個妓院；最終，可能隨著空中乘務(wù)員飛往美國，并在那里于20世紀80年代初被發(fā)現(xiàn)。

Ofthe25monitoringsitesinZimbabwewherepregnantwomenaretestedforHIV,onlytwoin1997showedprevalencebelow10%.

在津巴布韋的25個受監(jiān)控的地區(qū)，懷孕的婦女接收了HIV病毒的檢測。1997年只有兩個地區(qū)顯示其感染率在10%以下。

Thisisbecausesomanypeopleinpoorcountriesdonotcontributemuchtotheformaleconomy.Toputitevenmorecrudely,wherethereisahugeoversupplyofunskilledlabour,thedeadcaneasilybereplaced.

這是因為在貧困國家許多人對正常的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展不起作用。說的再殘酷些，在一個擁有大量非技術(shù)勞力的國家里，死去的勞力很容易被取代

WhenabreadwinnerdevelopsAIDS,his(orher)familyisimpoverishedtwiceover:hisincomevanishes,andhisrelationsmustdevotetimeandmoneytonursinghim.

當一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭損失就不是一個人的事了。因為不止是他的收入沒有了，他的親屬還要花時間和金錢去照料他。

TherewasnoattempttoplaydownthespreadofHIVtoavoidscaringofftourists,ashappenedinKenya.Thaiwererepeatedlywarnedofthedangers,toldhowtoavoidthem,andlefttomaketheirownchoices.

泰國政府認為沒有必要像肯尼亞那樣由于害怕嚇走了旅游者而淡化HIV傳播的嚴重性。泰國人被反復告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他們自己去做出選擇。

UNIT3

Foralmostfouryears,researchintoHIVhasbeendominatedbyasingletheoryabouthowtheviruscausesthecatastrophiccollapseoftheimmunedefencesthatleadstoAIDS.Buttheconsensusonthisthetheoryisnowcrumbling,thanksinparttotheworkofaDutchteamledbyimmunologistFrankMiedema.

近四年來，病毒引起免疫系統(tǒng)災(zāi)難性崩潰從而導致艾滋病這一理論一直主宰著人類對HIV的研究。但是這種理論的一致性現(xiàn)在正在動搖，部分原因是由于免疫學家弗蘭克-米德馬領(lǐng)導的一支荷蘭小組對HIV的研究工作。

IftheDutchteamisright,theconsequenceswillbeprofound.PeoplewithHIVmayhopefornewtypesoftreatment.Andsomeofthemostcherisheddogmasofamultibillion-dollarresearchindustrymaybeoverturned.

如果荷蘭小組是正確的話，其影響將是深遠的。感染HIV的人將有望得到新方法的治療。而一些花費幾十億美元的研究項目中最具權(quán)威的理論就會被推翻。Unit4

Ingeneral,theWTOhasadoptedruleswhichareintheinterestoftrans-nationalbusinessandrejectedrulesbybusiness.WTOpolicieshavebeenprotestedbyrepresentativesof“civilsociety”,suchasunions,consumeractivists,environmentalists,indigenouspeople,andwomensgroups.

總體而言，世界貿(mào)易組織采納了有利于跨國商務(wù)活動的規(guī)則，拒絕了商務(wù)活動反對的規(guī)則。世界貿(mào)易組織的政策遭到了來自“民間社團”的代表，如工會、消費者積極分子、環(huán)境保護主義者、土著居民、婦女團體等的反對。

InMexico,whereacurrencycrisisthrewthenationintodepressionshortlyafterimplementationofNAFTA,smallbusinessownerswereinthestreet,too,opposing“freetrade”.Poorcountriesoftheglobalsouth,whichdisagreewithnorthernunionsoverlaborprotections,agreetheWTOisnotworkingintheinterestsofmostpeople.

墨西哥在執(zhí)行北美貿(mào)易協(xié)定不久，貨幣危機使國家陷入經(jīng)濟蕭條，小業(yè)主們也走向街頭反對“自由貿(mào)易”。不同意北部聯(lián)盟有關(guān)勞動保護條款的南半球的貧窮國家也認為世界貿(mào)易組織并不為大多數(shù)人謀福利。Unit

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